Oral history interview with Meir Tyrangiel

Oral history interview with Myriam Carmi

Oral History

Myriam Carmi (née Furmanski), born in 1923 in Minsk Mazowiecki, Poland, describes the Jewish community in Minsk Mazowiecki; attending public schools; participating in Jewish youth organizations; antisemitism and the pogrom in 1936, when a few Jews were killed and others fled to Warsaw, Poland; growing up in a middle class family on Siennicka Street with her parents and five siblings; the arrival of the Germans; the destruction of her family’s house and living with the Friedman family; returning to their house after six months; the formation of the Judenrat (Jewish council) in 1940; the Jewish police; one of her brothers being sent to a work camp near Russia; the creation of the ghetto on Siennicka Street and Nagechna Street; conditions and diseases in the ghetto; sneaking out of the ghetto to sell kosher chickens in Warsaw to support her family; a transport of Jews from Kalisz, Poland moving into the ghetto and hosting the Kava family; the roundup of Jews in September 1942 and hiding with her mother and siblings under the house; going with her father to the Kupernik (a building on Siennicka Street) and being taken daily by the Germans to work sites; her mother staying at the Kupernik with Myriam’s brother (age six) and her two sisters (ages nine and 12); the murder of her brother outside the Kupernik; the deportation of her mother; the deportation of her older brother to a work camp; being sent to work in Warsaw nine days before the Germans massacred 218 Jews from the Kupernik, including her father; staying on Bednarska Street in Warsaw in the home of a Polish friend; struggling to find another hiding place with her sister-in-law Regina Grinshpan; living with a woman and her daughter, Tushka; learning that the Kupernik was burned down by the Germans; working as a maid for Christians in Warsaw; walking with Regina back to Minsk Mazowiecki after the Russians liberated it; and meeting her husband in Minsk Mazowiecki.

Oral history interview with Dana Berger

Oral History

Oral history interview with Guta Benezra

Oral History

Oral history interview with Basia Berger

Oral History

Oral history interview with Irit Romano

Oral History

Irit Romano Cooper (née Irit Romano), born in Poland in January 1929, describes growing up in a religious Jewish house; her sisters Tova, Etta and Chaya; her grandmother’s strong faith; her relationship with Judaism and disagreeing at the age of 10 with her grandmother's view of religion; the beginning of the war and watching as German soldiers gathered Jewish men and cut the rabbi's beard in the town’s market; losing her faith in god after seeing that incident; being sent by her mother to work for a farmer and moving from one farmer to another; looking for a place to go in the winter and meeting lady named Yedlida who told her to go to the convent over the hill; arriving at the convent and working in the kitchen; her false ID with the name Bulsveta Kovalchik, daughter of Zsofia Kovalchik and an unknown father; life in the convent; her five roommates and passing as a non-Jew; staying in the convent for a year and half; attending Sunday prayers at church and lying during the confession; becoming closer and closer to Christianity; her memories of her father in the ghetto; the anti-Jewish sermon given every week during mass and beginning to believe the minister’s rhetoric; being unaware of events during the war because of the lack of newspapers and radio in the convent; seeing Russian soldiers chase German soldiers near the convent; being confronted by the mother superior about her Jewish identity; her desire to go to Israel and being pressured by her to convert to Christianity; writing to the mother superior when she eventually got to Israel and meeting her again in 1985; her return to Judaism and how the mother superior's pressure to convert pushed her toward Judaism; and her conversation with the mother superior about why she didn’t convert.