LEADER 03735cam a2200361Ia 4500001 40108 005 20240621144341.0 008 910822s1983 xx r 000 0 eng d 035 (OCoLC)24270347 035 40108 049 LHMA 040 CUS |beng |erda |cCUS |dLHM 090 DG571 |b.R675 1983 100 1 Rosenthal, Lawrence Alan. 245 14 The invention of fascism : |bItaly, 1919-1922 / |cby Lawrence Alan Rosenthal. 264 1 [Place of publication not identified] : |b[publisher not identified], |c1983. 300 iv, 229 pages 336 text |btxt |2rdacontent 337 unmediated |bn |2rdamedia 338 volume |bnc |2rdacarrier 502 Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 1983. 504 Includes bibliographical references (pages 220-229). 520 This study grounds the emergence of fascism in the ideological currents and confrontation of political forces of the post-World War I era. The analysis is keyed to understanding fascism subjectively, as a worldview and as a form of political organization assembled in reaction to, and borrowing elements from, existing political ideas and formations--hence, the "invention" of fascism. Chapters 1 and 2 present fascism, above all, as the product of the confrontation between liberalism and marxism. In Chapter 1, fascism is treated as a central chapter in the development of twentieth century world poltics. Chapter 2 shows show fascism was an incomprehensible political foe for both liberalism and marxism. The cornerstone of fascist consciousness was the perception of liberalism and marxism as having degenerated into an indistinguishable unity, a radicalization of the convergence of progressive liberalism and "evolutionary" socialism that reached its height in social democracy. Fascism reversed the relationship between political ends and means that was a shared element in the political culture of marxism and liberalism. Chapter 3 identifies the positions of classical conservatism and reactionism in Italy and their contributions to fascist thinking. Socialism is treated as a rubric for a variety of tendencies, of which marxism, though dominant, was but one. The development of certain sectors of Italian syndicalism into early fascism is treated in detail. Chapter 4 grounds the development of fascism's social base and the rise of a dissident sector of Italian capital in the social transformations wrought by World War I. The declasse social status of the fascist vanguard is contrasted with mature fascism's middle class constituency. Fascist solidarity is shown to be based not on material interests but in the social community, the "male fighting band," embodied in fascist political organs. Between 1919 and 1922, fascism was constrained to recast its spontaneous and egalitarian vanguard structure into a hierarchical party accomodating a mass membership. Chapter 5 outlines this history. An empirical study of the passing of the vanguard demonstrates how the center of the movement in Milan was already establishing the bureaucratic and organizational structure it would use to control the movement while supporting the "anti-party" mentality of the early fascism. 530 Electronic version(s) |bavailable internally at USHMM. 533 Photocopy. |bAnn Arbor, Mich. : |cUMI DissertationServices, |d1999. |e22 cm. 590 Dissertations and Theses 591 Record updated by Marcive processing 21 June 2024 650 0 Fascism |zItaly |xHistory. 651 0 Italy |xPolitics and government |y1914-1922. 956 41 |u http://dc.ushmm.org/library/bib40108/8413569.pdf |z Hosted by USHMM. 994 E0 |bLHM 852 0 |bstacks |hDG571 .R675 1983 852 |bebook