Identification tag with name and birthdate issued to a Jewish refugee child

Marcel Lechtman (b. 1940) was born to Sioma (1916-1945?) and Tonia (nee Bialer, 1918-1996) Lechtmann in Oloron, France. Born in Dunajewce, Russia (now Dunaivtsi, Ukraine), Sioma soon moved with his parents Israel and Feiga (nee Blatt) Lechtmann to Vienna, Austria. He had three sisters: Hava and twins, Luba and Buza. Following a period of increasing violence and the outbreak an Austrian civil war in 1934, the family immigrated again to British-controlled Palestine, where Sioma began working in construction, met, and married Tonia Bialer (1918-1998). Tonia’s family—parents Aharon (1890-1961) and Rachel (nee Wojdyslauza [Wermeister?], 1892-1967) Bialer, and siblings Avraham (Romek, 1912-1945), Joel (Julek, 1919-1999), and Noemi (Ema)—had emigrated from Łódź, Poland, that same year, following Tonia’s brief imprisonment for communist activities.

Both Sioma and Tonia joined the M.K.P. (Palestinian Communist Party). In 1936, after their marriage, both were arrested by the British authorities for their communist political activity, and later forced to leave Palestine. Considered stateless, they could not be deported to a specific country and were free to go where they wanted. They left in 1937 to join the fight against fascism in the Spanish Civil War. They traveled first to Paris, France, only to find out that Tonia was pregnant. After completing training in France, Sioma continued to Spain and joined the Austrian division of the Communist International Brigade. Tonia remained in Paris, where she gave birth to Marcel’s older sister, Vera, on June 26, 1938.

Near the end of the war, Sioma’s brigade and the defeated Republican fighters they supported fled from Spain to France, a country that agreed to take the fighters. On February 8, 1939, Sioma was sent to Saint-Cyprien, a reception center for Spanish refugees, and later, an internment camp for foreigners. Tonia and Vera moved to Oloron St. Marie to be closer to Sioma. Later that spring, he was among almost 19,000 refugees transferred to a new camp at Gurs in southwestern France. Tonia was able to visit him in June 1939, and introduced him to Vera. Although Tonia never saw Sioma again, she gave birth to Vera’s brother, Marcel, nine months later, on March 31, 1940.

In September 1939, in accordance with the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact, Germany and Russia invaded Poland. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Subsequently, Gurs was transformed from a refugee to internment camp for “enemy aliens.” German forces invaded France on May 10, 1940, and on June 5, Sioma was sent from Gurs to Le Vernet D’Ariege, which was turned into a penal camp by the Vichy government. Tonia managed to get visas for the family to immigrate to Mexico, but Sioma declined, believing he would be needed to fight in the French Resistance. Tonia refused to leave without Sioma, and in 1940, she sent the children to the Pouponniere children's home in Limoges, run by Hanna Gruenwald, a Jewish German psychologist from Paris. The home was established by the Organisation de secours aux enfants (OSE, Children’s Aid Society), who cared for refugee children and Jewish children whose families were at risk for deportation. Tonia was eventually hired there, and met Margaret Locher, who visited the home for several weeks.

Sioma was held in Vernet until August 8, 1942, when he was part of the convoys transported to Drancy, a transit camp to the east. Four days later, he was deported on convoy 18 to Auschwitz killing center in German-occupied Poland, where he was given prisoner number 58935. His initial work assignment digging coal caused him to get sick, and he was placed on a list for the gas chamber. Hermann Langbein, a prisoner working in the hospital, convinced the S.S. doctor to transfer him to the treatment ward instead. Sioma had multiple hospital stays, x-rays, and a surgery. Despite his illnesses, be was also employed while in the camp. He likely perished during a death march in 1945.

In 1942, the Vichy government forced all Jews to relocate, and Tonia moved the family to St. Leonard de Mari. In September, a French police officer forcibly relocated them to the Nexon internment camp, from which they were to be deported to Poland. Tonia, Vera, and Marcel were already loaded in the cattle truck when the camp commander felt pity for her two small children and let them get off the truck. They returned to Limoges to hide in the children’s home. With the help of a priest, they eventually made their way to the Swiss border, and crossed near Geneva on October 11, 1942. Although Switzerland had a tradition of wartime neutrality and helping refugees, the threat of a German invasion led them to limit the number of foreigners it allowed into the country, put refugees in camps, and prohibited those coming from France.

At first, Tonia and the children lived at a refugee camp named “Les Hirondelles” near Geneva, Switzerland. On November 20, Vera and Marcel were taken to the Ascona children’s camp, and Tonia was transferred to the Les Avants camp. On April 20, 1943, Vera and Marcel were placed in the care of Margaret Locher, who ran a home near Zurich named “Rebhaus” for Jewish children whose parents were in internment or refugee camps. While in Zurich, Tonia took a course in social work under the direction of Noel Field, an American working for the Unitarian Universalist Service Committee (UUSC). After the war ended in 1945, she led a UUSC team of Polish doctors to displaced persons (DP) and refugee camps in France and Germany. Vera and Marcel remained in the children’s home in Zurich. In 1946, she began working on a UUSC hospital project in Poland; Vera and Marcel joined her there in late 1947. Due to her connection with Noel Field (a former Soviet spy) in July 1949, Tonia was accused by her neighbors of being an American spy and imprisoned by Polish authorities. As a result, Marcel and Vera were placed in a state-run orphanage. After five years, Tonia was released. The family remained in Poland until 1968, when antisemitic violence led Marcel to leave the country for Sweden. In 1971, Vera, her two children, and Tonia joined this exodus and moved to Israel.

Margaret Locher lived in Zurich, Switzerland. In March 1943, she left her home in Zurich and moved temporarily to the city of Lugano, near the Italian border. On April 20, she began fostering the children of Tonia Lechtmann, a friend she had met while visiting a children’s home in Limoges, France. In June, Margaret was able to secure Tonia’s release from Les Avants camp to join the children. On July 1, she opened a home named “Rebhaus” in Küsnacht, near Zurich, for Jewish children whose parents were in internment or refugee camps. After a couple of weeks, Tonia and her children joined her at the Rebhaus. In addition to the Lechtmann children, Margaret adopted an orphan from France, and fostered three other children.

In April 1944, Margaret and Tonia were caring for seven children. Tonia left to take a course in Zurich, and in June, Margaret was able to hire Irene Maringer, the mother of another of her charges. Irene worked for Margaret for two months, and her son, Georges, stayed in the home until November 1945. Following the end of the war, the remaining children returned to the parents after they had reestablished themselves. Tonia’s children stayed with Margaret until the winter of 1947.