Overview
- Brief Narrative
- Blue and white striped embroidered ribbon, reminiscent of a concentration camp uniform issued in 1995 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Dachau concentration camp by American troops on April 29, 1945. Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi government in 1933, originally for political prisoners. Over time, other groups were interned at Dachau, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Roma, homosexuals, repeat criminal offenders, and Jews. The SS used it as the training center for SS concentration camp guards and it had an active medical experiment program. Most of the prisoners were used as forced labor. Nearly 200,000 people were incarcerated at Dachau and nearly 20,000 inmates died there, although the exact number is not known.s
- Date
-
commemoration:
1945-1995
- Credit Line
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of the Estate of Robert L. White
- Markings
- front, lower edge, embroidered, black thread : DACHAU / PLUS JAMAIS / NEVER AGAIN / NIE WIEDER / Никогда больше / 1945 1995
Physical Details
- Classification
-
Decorative Arts
- Category
-
Decorations
- Object Type
-
Ribbons (lcsh)
- Genre/Form
- Souvenirs (Keepsakes)
- Physical Description
- Rectangular ribbon with vertical gray and light blue stripes white edges and zigzag cut short edges. The front design features a gray band above an embroidered image of an emaciated bald man wearing a long cloth coat and pants standing with his hands in his pockets. Embroidered in black thread below the image is Dachau, the phrase Never Again repeated in French, English, German and Russian, and dates. A gold colored metal backing pin is inserted through a channel on the upped back.
- Dimensions
- overall: Height: 4.375 inches (11.113 cm) | Width: 2.000 inches (5.08 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
- Materials
- overall : cloth, metal, thread
Rights & Restrictions
- Conditions on Access
- No restrictions on access
- Conditions on Use
- No restrictions on use
Keywords & Subjects
Administrative Notes
- Legal Status
- Permanent Collection
- Provenance
- The ribbon was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2004 by the Estate of Robert L. White.
- Funding Note
- The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.
- Record last modified:
- 2024-10-03 12:19:57
- This page:
- http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn516745
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Also in Robert L. White collection
The collection consists of artifacts, documents, and copy prints of photographs relating to the history of the Holocaust.
Date: 1940
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Pair of handmade wooden soled suede boots from Mauthausen concentration camp
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Commemorative ashtray used during the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg
Object
Souvenir ashtray printed with International Military Tribunal available during the war crimes trials held in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1945-46. After the end of the war and the defeat of Nazi Germany on May 7, 1945, Allied occupation authorities convened an International Military Tribunal to seek justice for crimes against humanity, evidenced by the Holocaust, perpetrated by Nazi Germany. The best known trial of major German officials began in October 1945, when the IMT formally indicted the Nuremberg defendants on four counts: crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and conspiracy to commit these crimes; the verdicts were delivered on October 1, 1946.
Small two pronged bale hook with swastikas drawn on the wooden handle
Object
Small forked bale hook with hand drawn swastikas that may be been used in Europe during the Holocaust. This short type of hook generally would be used to move bags and bundles in warehouses.
Handcrafted wooden double dished set etched Dachau KZ
Object
Handcrafted wooden set with two shallow bowls attached to a circular handle etched Dachau KZ to commemorate Dachau concentration camp. Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi government in 1933, originally for political prisoners. Over time, other groups were interned at Dachau, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Roma, homosexuals, repeat criminal offenders, and Jews. The SS used it as the training center for SS concentration camp guards. It was divided into two parts: the concentration camp and the crematorium for the disposal of the bodies of inmates who died at the camp. The camp was liberated by United States forces on April 29, 1945.
Hairbrush with a metal swastika
Object
Floreloid brand natural bristle hairbrush with a small metal swastika nailed to the wooden handle. This style was marketed as a military hair brush with a sterling silver decorative crest mounted on the handle. The product was popular in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. This brush may have belonged to Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Chief of the Security Police known as the Gestapo in Nazi Germany. He was the most senior member of the SS captured alive after the defeat of Germany in May 1945. He was directly involved with the implementation of the Final Solution and operation of the concentration camp system. Kaltenbrunner was found guilty of war crimes by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, sentenced to death, and hanged October 16, 1946. The brush was given to the West German ambassador to the United States, Heinz L. Krekeler, at some point after the war by Major Robert Matteson, the US counterintelligence officer who captured Kaltenbrunner on May 12, 1945.
Small rock with a painted portrait of a dark haired woman killed in a concentration camp
Object
Small oval rock with a painted portrait of a woman in an orange dress created by Miss Relis, possibly a Holocaust survivor, to remember friends who had been killed in the concentration camps established by Germany during the Holocaust.
Stone with a painted portrait of a young girl with short hair who was killed in a concentration camp
Object
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International Military Tribunal Stork Club white porcelain mug
Object
White porcelain stein marked International Military Tribunal presumably available during the war crimes trials held in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1945-46. The Stork Club was the club for enlisted military personnel serving at the trials. After the end of the war and the defeat of Nazi Germany on May 7, 1945, Allied occupation authorities convened an International Military Tribunal to seek justice for crimes against humanity, evidenced by the Holocaust, perpetrated by Nazi Germany. The best known trial of major German officials began in October 1945, when the IMT formally indicted the Nuremberg defendants on four counts: crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and conspiracy to commit these crimes; the verdicts were delivered on October 1, 1946.
Light brown bar of curd soap produced Nazi Germany
Object
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Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp scrip, 10 kronen note
Object
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Łódź (Litzmannstadt) ghetto scrip, 1 mark note
Object
1 [eine] mark receipt issued in the Łódź ghetto in Poland beginning in May 1940 until the ghetto was liquidated in summer 1944. Nazi Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, and occupied Łódź one week later. Łódź was renamed Litzmannstadt and, by February 1940, the Germans forcibly relocated the large Jewish population of 160,000 into a small, sealed ghetto. All residents had to work and many were forced laborers in ghetto factories. Residents were forbidden to have German currency, and the Jewish Council was ordered to create a system of Quittungen [receipts] that could be used only in the ghetto. The scrip, sometimes referred to as rumkis, after the Elder of the Judenrat, Mordechai Rumkowski, was issued in 7 denominations: 50 pfenning, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 marks, as well as coins. It acted as a labor incentive and facilitated the confiscation of money and goods from internees. There was little to exchange it for in the ghetto. Living conditions were horrendous; the severe overcrowding and lack of food made disease and starvation common. In January 1942, mass deportations to Chelmno killing center began; half the residents were murdered by the end of the year. In summer 1944, Łódź, the last ghetto in Poland, was destroyed and the remaining Jews were sent to Chelmno and Auschwitz-Birkenau killing centers.
Łódź (Litzmannstadt) ghetto scrip, 20 mark note
Object
20 [zwanzig] mark receipt issued in the Łódź ghetto in Poland beginning in May 1940 until the ghetto was liquidated in summer 1944. Nazi Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, and occupied Łódź one week later. Łódź was renamed Litzmannstadt and, by February 1940, the Germans forcibly relocated the large Jewish population of 160,000 into a small, sealed ghetto. All residents had to work and many were forced laborers in ghetto factories. Residents were forbidden to have German currency, and the Jewish Council was ordered to create a system of Quittungen [receipts] that could be used only in the ghetto. The scrip, sometimes referred to as rumkis, after the Elder of the Judenrat, Mordechai Rumkowski, was issued in 7 denominations: 50 pfenning, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 marks, as well as coins. It acted as a labor incentive and facilitated the confiscation of money and goods from internees. There was little to exchange it for in the ghetto. Living conditions were horrendous; the severe overcrowding and lack of food made disease and starvation common. In January 1942, mass deportations to Chelmno killing center began; half the residents were murdered by the end of the year. In summer 1944, Łódź, the last ghetto in Poland, was destroyed and the remaining Jews were sent to Chelmno and Auschwitz-Birkenau killing centers.
Robert L. White papers
Document
The papers contain documents and copy prints of photographs relating to the Holocaust. These items were acquired by Robert L. White over an extended period of time.
Efka Pyramiden cigarette papers in a green packaging sleeve made in Nazi Germany
Object
Unused package of fifty Efka cigarette rolling papers manufactured in Nazi Germany. These packets may have been supplied for observers during the war crimes trials held in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1945-46. This brand was very popular in the 1930-1940s and was distributed to German troops. The package has a green graphic design featuring camels and pyramids. Around March 1943, the British psychological warfare unit used Efka Pyramiden packets to distribute propaganda that encouraged German soldiers to malinger, feign illness, or avoid reporting for duty. They reproduced the package sleeve and, in place of cigarette papers, inserted ten thin papers with suggestions for how to avoid work. The small packet could be distributed without notice by placing them in coat pockets or leaving in cafes and could be air dropped.
Efka Pyramiden cigarette papers in a colorful packet with camels and pyramids made in Nazi Germany
Object
Unused package of fifty Efka cigarette rolling papers manufactured in Nazi Germany. This brand was very popular in the 1930-1940s and was distributed to German troops. The package has a graphic design featuring red camels in front of a red sphinx and and pyramids against white sand and a yellow sky. Around March 1943, the British psychological warfare unit used Efka Pyramiden packets to distribute propaganda that encouraged German soldiers to malinger, feign illness, or avoid reporting for duty. They reproduced the package sleeve and, in place of cigarette papers, inserted ten thin papers with suggestions for how to avoid work. The small packet could be distributed without notice by placing them in coat pockets or leaving in cafes and could be air dropped.
