Overview
- Brief Narrative
- Weimar Germany 10 mark note acquired by Henry Tovey. After Nazi Germany occupied Poland on September 1, 1939, Henry was confined to the ghetto on Łódź, renamed Litzmannstadt. The Germans closed the ghetto in summer 1944 by deporting the residents to concentration camps or killing centers. Henry later married Bella Jacubowicz, who was from Sosnowiec, Poland. Bella, her parents, and her three younger siblings were forced into the ghetto. At the end of 1942, the family was sent to the ghetto in Bedzin. In 1943, Bella was deported to Graben, a subcamp of Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Germany. In 1944, she was sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. She was liberated in April 1945 by British forces. Bella emigrated to the United States in 1946.
- Date
-
issue:
approximately 1929
- Geography
-
issue:
Germany
- Credit Line
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Bella Jakubowicz Tovey
- Markings
- face, top left and right corners, red ink : K · 27164490
face, bottom left, green ink : 10
face, top, black and green ink : Reichsbanknote / ZEHN Reichsmark 10 10
face, center, black and green ink : Ausgegeben auf Grund des Bank-geseizes vom 30.August 1924. / Berlen, den 22.Januar 1929 / Reichsbankdirektorium / engraved signatures [Issued on the basis of the Bank Act...]
back, top left and right corners, red ink : K · 27164490
back, center green ink : Reichsmark / Reichsbanknote
face, botton, green ink : Wer banksnoten nachmacht oder verfälscht oder nachgemachte oder verfälchte / Sich verschafft und in Verkehr bringt, wird mit Zuchthaus nicht unter zwei Jahren bestraft [Whoever imitates this banknote or falsified or counterfeit or falsified / procured and put into circulation shall be punished by imprisonment from two years] - Contributor
-
Subject:
Bella J. Tovey
Subject: Henry Tovey
Issuer: Deutsche Reichsbank
- Biography
-
Bella Jakubowicz (later Tovey) was born in 1926 in Sosnowiec, Poland. She was the oldest of four children. Her father owned a knitting factory which the Germans confiscated after they invaded Poland in 1939. The family's furniture was given to an ethnic German woman. They were forced to move to the ghetto where Bella was a forced laborer in a factory. At the end of 1942, the family was sent to the ghetto in Będzin, Poland. In 1943, Bella was deported to Gräben a subcamp of Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Germany. In 1944, she was sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. She was liberated in April 1945 by British forces. Bella emigrated to the United States in 1946.
Physical Details
- Language
- German
- Classification
-
Exchange Media
- Category
-
Money
- Object Type
-
Emergency currency (lcsh)
- Physical Description
- Rectangular, offwhite paper banknote with green and red ink. The face has a green design with a red underprint. It has an embossed Deutsche Reichsbank seal. On one side is a watermarked portrait of a man. The note is soiled, with deep creases and folds.
- Dimensions
- overall: Height: 2.875 inches (7.302 cm) | Width: 5.750 inches (14.605 cm)
- Materials
- overall : paper, ink
Rights & Restrictions
- Conditions on Access
- No restrictions on access
- Conditions on Use
- No restrictions on use
Keywords & Subjects
- Topical Term
- Concentration camp inmates--Germany--Biography. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Poland--Personal narratives. Jewish ghettos--Poland--Łódź--Biography. Jewish refugees--United States--Biography. Slave labor--Germany--Biography. Women concentration camp inmates--Germany--Biography. World War, 1939-1945--Refugees--United States--Personal narratives.
Administrative Notes
- Legal Status
- Permanent Collection
- Provenance
- The money was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1990 by Bella Jakubowicz Tovey.
- Funding Note
- The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.
- Record last modified:
- 2022-07-28 18:29:46
- This page:
- https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn522316
Also in Bella and Henry Tovey collection
The collection consists of one Łódź ghetto note, two West German banknotes, a Star of David badge, documents, and photographs relating to the experiences of Bella Jacbubowicz (alter Tovey) and her family and Henry Tovey in Łódź, Poland, and Germany during and after the Holocaust. Some of these materials may be combined into a single collection in the future.
Date: 1941-1948
Łódź (Litzmannstadt) ghetto scrip, 20 mark note acquired by a Polish Jewish survivor
Object
Łódź ghetto scrip, 20 (zwanzig) mark note, acquired by Henry Tovey while imprisoned in the Łódź Ghetto. Nazi Germany occupied Poland on September 1, 1939; Łódź was renamed Litzmannstadt and the Germans forcibly relocated the large Jewish population into a sealed ghetto. All currency was confiscated in exchange for Quittungen [receipts] that could be exchanged only in the ghetto. The Germans closed the ghetto in the summer of 1944 by deporting the residents to concentration camps or killing centers. Henry later married Bella Jacubowicz, who was from Sosnowiec, Poland. Bella, her parents, and her three younger siblings were forced into the ghetto. At the end of 1942, the family was sent to the ghetto in Bedzin. In 1943, Bella was deported to Graben, a subcamp of Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Germany. In 1944, she was sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. She was liberated in April 1945 by British forces. Bella emigrated to the United States in 1946.
Federal Republic of Germany bank note, 5 pfennig, acquired by a Polish Jewish survivor
Object
West German funf (5) pfennig note acquired by Henry Tovey. The currency was issued beginning in 1948 for use in the newly created Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). After Nazi Germany occupied Poland on September 1, 1939, Henry was confined to the ghetto on Łódź, renamed Litzmannstadt. The Germans closed the ghetto in summer 1944 by deporting the residents to concentration camps or killing centers. Henry later married Bella Jacubowicz, who was from Sosnowiec, Poland. Bella, her parents, and her three younger siblings were forced into the ghetto. At the end of 1942, the family was sent to the ghetto in Bedzin. In 1943, Bella was deported to Graben, a subcamp of Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Germany. In 1944, she was sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. She was liberated in April 1945 by British forces. Bella emigrated to the United States in 1946.
Star of David badge with word Jude issued to an inmate of Łódź ghetto
Object
The badge was issued to Henry Tovey in the ghetto in Łódź, Poland.
Bella Tovey papers
Document
Mixed collection of black and white photographs, a postcard, an envelope, scrip, and a Star of David badge relating to Bella Tovey and her family during the time period of the Holocaust.
Bella Tovey collection
Document
Consists of four black and white photographs: three images of a wedding of Jewish displaced persons in the Zeilsheim Displaced persons camp on 21 September 1946, and one image of an all girls' class with their teachers, dated 1939.
