Joseph M. Holocaust testimony (HVT-1383) interviewed by Deborah Shelkan Remis and Janet Miller,

Videotape testimony of Joseph M., who was born in Poland in 1922. He recalls German invasion; the bombing of his home on his birthday, September 25, 1939; anti-Jewish regulations; his family's decision that he should escape to the Soviet zone; seeing his mother for the last time on October 19th; being hidden and guided to the Soviet border by a peasant woman; working in Borisov; learning of his father's and brother's escape to the Soviet zone; and losing contact with his mother and sister after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Mr. M. recounts fleeing by train to Smolensk, then Kazakhstan; conscription into the Soviet army; forced labor in a Siberian coal mine from early 1942 onward; severe cold, hunger, and discipline; returning to Poland in 1946; fleeing to the American zone with help from Zionist groups; living in displaced persons camps in Wegscheid, Admont and Wels; working for the Joint in Linz; marrying in 1949; and emigrating to the United States in 1951. He notes finding surviving cousins, but never learning the fate of his parents and siblings.