An identity card issued to Samuel Schrijver in the Westerbork concentration camp on 5 February 1945.
Overview
- Caption
- An identity card issued to Samuel Schrijver in the Westerbork concentration camp on 5 February 1945.
- Date
-
1945 February 05
- Locale
- Westerbork, [Drenthe] The Netherlands
- Photo Credit
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Samuel (Schrijver) Schryver
- Event History
- Westerbork was a transit camp for Jews who were being deported from the Netherlands during World War II to killing centers in Poland. The camp was initially established in October 1939 by the Dutch government to house Jewish refugees who had entered the country illegally. It was constructed on a tract of heath and marshland on the outskirts of the village of Westerbork in the province of Drenthe. Initially 50 barracks were erected to house 1800 refugees. When the Germans invaded Holland on May 10, 1940, 750 refugees were still living there. They were temporarily moved to Leeuwarden during the initial weeks of the occupation before being returned to Westerbork. On July 16 Captain Jacques Schol of the demobilized Dutch Army Reserves was appointed director of the camp. He organized the refugees into work groups and service branches and appointed Jewish internees to head them. Kurt Schlesinger was appointed chief of the service branches, Dr. Fritz Spanier, chief medical officer, and Arthur Pisk, head of the Ordnungsdienst, which evolved from being a fire brigade to an internal Jewish police force. Over time, refugees from other camps were moved into Westerbork, and by 1941 the camp had a population of 1,100. During the first two years of Nazi occupation the refugees were not yet treated as prisoners, and they could leave the camp if they obtained travel permits. However, on July 1, 1942, Westerbork came under the jurisdiction of the German SD (security police) and officially became a transit camp for Jews and Roma slated for deportation to Poland. The camp was headed by a series of commandants: SS Sturmbannfuehrer Erich Deppner (July-September 1942), SS Obersturmbannfuehrer Josef Hugo Dischner (September-October 1942) SS Obersturmbannfuehrer Albert Konrad Gemmeker (October 1942-April 1945). The systematic transfer to Westerbork of Jews from all parts of the Netherlands was launched on July 14, 1942, and deportations to Poland began the following day. The commandants left in the hands of the Jewish camp leadership the responsibility of compiling the lists of those to be deported. The leadership, however, was not allowed to include camp residents who had been given an official exemption. These included Jews of foreign nationality and, in particular, the veteran inmates, numbering 2,000, who had been given special status about two weeks before the deportations commenced. Thus Westerbork led a dual existence: inmates in the permanent camp remained in place for a long time, lived a relatively comfortable existence, enjoyed a wide range of cultural activities (including concerts, operas, and cabaret performances) and largely ran their own affairs, while the majority of prisoners remained only a week or two before being dispatched to Poland. An estimated 102,000 Jews and a few hundred Roma were processed through Westerbork. Roughly 55% were sent to Auschwitz, 35% to Sobibor, and 5% each to Theresienstadt and Bergen-Belsen. After the last transport had departed on September 13, 1944, approximately 600 Jews remained behind. Westerbork was liberated by the South Saskatchewan Regiment of the Canadian army on April 12, 1945.
[Source: The Holocaust: Lest we Forget. "Refugee Camp Westerbork circa 1939." 23 April 2003. http://www.cympm.com/westerbork.html (16 September 2003); Gutman, Israel. "Encyclopedia of the Holocaust." MacMillan, 1990. pp.1645-8.]
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/westerbork.
Rights & Restrictions
- Photo Source
-
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Copyright: United States Holocaust Memorial MuseumProvenance: Samuel (Schrijver) Schryver
Keywords & Subjects
Administrative Notes
- Biography
- Samuel Schrijver (now Schryver), the son of Jacob and Jansje Kool Schrijver, was born in Amsterdam in 1922. His father was a successful tobacco merchant, and the family lived in the old Jewish quarter of the city. Sam had one older sister, Roosje, who was born in 1919. Soon after the German occupation of Holland, eighteen-year-old Sam became involved in the Dutch underground. While living in the Jewish quarter and working at various jobs in the Jewish hospital, laundry and factory, Schrijver smuggled ration coupons and forged identification cards for Jews who had gone underground. These he made from authentic ID cards he lifted from the coats of unsuspecting Dutchmen, who had hung them in restaurants and other public places. During the large razzia of May 1943, Schrijver narrowly escaped capture by retreating to a hiding place he fashioned in the factory building. A few months later, however, he was arrested for resistance activity and severely beaten during an interrogation. After escaping from his captors, he moved to The Hague, but was soon betrayed and sent to the Gestapo prison at the infamous Oranjehotel. From there, he was deported to Westerbork in February 1944, where he was placed in the punishment block. A few days before the liberation of the camp, Schrijver escaped in order to alert the allies to the existence of one thousand prisoners in the camp. He feared the allies would launch an attack on Westerbork and, in the process, kill the surviving Jewish prisoners. After overcoming the initial distrust of the Canadian officers, Schrijver returned to the camp with a patrol of Allied troops, who liberated Westerbork on April 12. Schrijver stayed on in Westerbork for several weeks, serving as a guard in the newly established internment camp for Dutch collaborators. He and the other Jewish survivors were formally released only after lengthy political interrogations. Schrijver later returned to Amsterdam. He married Ann Euwen in May 1953, and the following year emigrated to Canada.
- Record last modified:
- 2001-07-19 00:00:00
- This page:
- https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1042287
