Circular leather Star of David badge worn in the Kovno Ghetto

Fritz Gadiel was born in Germany in 1910. His training as a graphic artist began in Germany during the late 1920s-early 1930s, including study at the Bauhaus with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. He was well on his way to a promising career as a graphic artist. After Hitler rose to power, Gadiel fled Germany. In 1939 he married Renée Silverman and they settled in Kovno to join her relatives. Since the Germans prohibited radios and newspapers, the alternative was posting announcements within the Ghetto. Elchanan Elkes, the Ältestenrat Chairman, turned to Gadiel to establish the graphics office, the Paint and Sign Workshop. Initially, the workshop provided simple signs to communicate orders to the ghetto residents, but eventually employed more artists and workers to create a wide range of items including ghetto currency, work passes, insignia, armbands and documents. Gadiel's workshop also served as a cultural center, presenting an art exhibition, and a records center containing archives with examples of nearly all the ghetto's official drawings, certificates, forms, and stamp impressions being hidden there. In July 1944, the ghetto was liquidated, and the Germans discovered him hiding there with others in a bunker built within the workshop. Gadiel was deported to Dachau, Renée was deported to Stutthof, the both survived. Their three year old son, Raanan, who was born in the ghetto, fell into German hands and along with other children, was killed.
[Klein, Dennis B., ed The Hidden History of the Kovno Ghetto. Boston: Bulfinch Press, 1997, p. 111-113]

Ephraim Guttmann survived the Kovno Ghetto where he was an airport worker and worked in the Burial Society. During and after the bombing of the Ghetto in 1944, he hid in the bunkers. When the Russians liberated the city, he was the first to "pick" at the remains in the Ghetto. As the story goes, he found Esther Lurie's drawings, and also Jacob Schlesinger's in addition to at least 50 unused armbands (which were eventually sold to Yad Vashem) and hundreds and hundreds of passes, permits, Ghetto money, signs, logos, work cards, and other ephemera. Upon his death, he left a suitcase full of these materials to his daughter, Sara Milo.
[taken from memo written by Special Exhibitions found in file MILO SARA. kyra schuster 2/17/98]