…. Following the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, conditions worsened for the forced-laborers, and their Hungarian supervisors grew increasingly sadistic…

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…, originally from Munkács, Hungary (now Mukacheve, Ukraine) as a forced- laborer in Hungary during World War II and as a Jewish refugee in Italy from 1945-1947…

…'s service in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I; the Hungarian occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1938; her brothers being sent to forced labor…

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… away our men, the young fellas. That was forced labor. They used to build tracks for the train https://collections.ushmm.org Contact reference@ushmm…

… Auschwitz in October 1944; the forced labor of the inmates, especially on Jewish holidays; "blood-taking" on Tisha Ba'av; the gas chambers in Auschwitz; her…

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…,730 --> 00:02:32,420 The men were called to forced labor camps. 41 00:02:32,420 --> 00:02:35,570 It wasn't like concentration camp, but they had to work, 42 00…

… December 1942. In 1943 he was conscripted as a forced-laborer in Košice and other locales. He later fled the labor battalion and joined the Russian Army. He…

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…. He fled to Budapest, Hungary in December 1942. In 1943 he was conscripted as a forced-laborer in Košice and other locales. He later fled the labor…

… into forced labor; his sister moving to Budapest; the round up of Jews in 1944; their trip by cattle car to Auschwitz; the selection process in which his…

… Auschwitz; how she participated in forced labor near Birkenau concentration camp; her memories of the Birkenau band playing at the camp gate for the prisoners…

…; her father being conscripted into forced labor in 1940 and his death in 1941; the establishment of a ghetto in 1944; the difficult conditions; her…

…Forced labor.…

…Forced labor--Czech Repbulic--Poříčí (Královéhradecký kraj)…

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… the worse happened after Pesach, sometime in May. They took us to Moonkash (ph?), a Ghetto. All the jews were forced to live together and work together…

…Forced labor.…

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… father getting conscripted into forced military labor in 1942 then returning home after six months; Germans invading Hungary in 1944 and Jews being taken…

…Forced labor.…

…Forced labor.…

… officer warning her father not to stay in a barn on the front in Belarus, which was later burned with many Jewish forced laborers still inside; the Battle…

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… “Heil Hitler!;” aryanization under Hungarian occupation; her father’s conscription into forced labor in 1942; her brother joining a Hungarian youth group…

…, confiscating Jewish businesses, and forcing thousands of Jewish men to join labor brigades; her father’s forced conscripted in 1942 for six months; being forced…

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…. Irene and her siblings couldn't attend school, and her father, along with thousands of other Jewish men, was conscripted into forced labor for six months…

…, confiscating Jewish businesses, and forcing thousands of Jewish men to join labor brigades; her father’s forced conscripted in 1942 for six months; being forced…

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… conscripted into forced labor for six months in 1942. In April 1944, the Fogels were moved into the Munkacs ghetto, where they lived in a brick factory. The…

…, confiscating Jewish businesses, and forcing thousands of Jewish men to join labor brigades; her father’s forced conscripted in 1942 for six months; being forced…

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… forced labor for six months in 1942. The Fogels were moved into the Munkacs ghetto, where they lived in a brick factory. The arrow points to Munkacs. In…

…, confiscating Jewish businesses, and forcing thousands of Jewish men to join labor brigades; her father’s forced conscripted in 1942 for six months; being forced…

…, confiscating Jewish businesses, and forcing thousands of Jewish men to join labor brigades; her father’s forced conscripted in 1942 for six months; being forced…

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…, along with thousands of other Jewish men, was conscripted into forced labor for six months in 1942. In April 1944, the Fogels were moved into the Munkacs…

…, confiscating Jewish businesses, and forcing thousands of Jewish men to join labor brigades; her father’s forced conscripted in 1942 for six months; being forced…

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…, and required thousands of Jewish men to be inducted into Hungarian forced labor brigades under military command. Among them was Irene’s father, Meyer…

…, confiscating Jewish businesses, and forcing thousands of Jewish men to join labor brigades; her father’s forced conscripted in 1942 for six months; being forced…

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… attend school, and her father, along with thousands of other Jewish men, was conscripted into forced labor for six months in 1942. In April 1944, the…