Drawing of a Holocaust survivor tesifying at trial of accused Latvian war criminal

Charles Rodger Hazard (Hap, 1947-2018) was born to Charles O. and Stella Dernoga Hazard in Baltimore, Maryland. His father served in the United States (US) Army during World War II (1939-1945). He worked as a topographical engineer for British Intelligence, mapping the French coastline in preparation for the D-Day landings, and was later transferred to the Pacific theater. After the war, he worked in the advertising art department for the Baltimore Sun. Charles’ mother, Stella, worked at the Sun during the war as the first female staff artist. Charles’ sister, Carla Tomaszewski, also worked as a professional artist.

After graduating from high school in 1965, Charles enrolled at the Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA). However, due to the conflict in Vietnam, he enlisted in the US Army and was assigned to military intelligence because of his gift for languages. In 1968, prior to his deployment overseas, Charles married Miriam Deborah Wolfe. Upon his return in 1969, he began his work as a political illustrator for the Baltimore Sun newspapers. During a career that spanned more than 30 years, Charles created illustrations and court room drawings of memorable historical and political events for the newspaper. Charles and Miriam had four children. After retiring from the Sun, Charles worked as an editorial artist for the Washington Times newspaper. The National Park Service commissioned Charles to provide illustrations for numerous national landmarks. He came out of retirement to create fourteen illustrations of scenes from the Battle of Gettysburg for background murals on display at the Museum and Visitor Center at Gettysburg National Military Park, which opened in 2008.

Karlis Detlavs (1911-1983) was born in Latvia. In August 1940, during World War II (1939-1945), the Soviet Union occupied and annexed Latvia. Germany invaded Soviet territories in June 1941, and in July occupied Latvia, which became part of the Reich Commissariat Ostland, a German civilian administration for the Baltic States and western Belorussia. In 1941, Latvia had about 94,000 Jews, half of whom lived in Riga. During the German occupation, German Einsatzgruppen [mobile killing units], assisted by Latvian and Lithuanian auxiliary units, massacred most Latvian Jews. Detlavs was a member of the Latvian Auxiliary Security Police and the Latvian Legion, whose members wore German SS uniforms. World War II ended in Europe with the surrender of Germany in early May1945.

In June 1943, Karlis had married in Riga. In December 1950, Detlavs immigrated to the United States from Munich, Germany, as a displaced person with his wife, who was pregnant, and their almost two-year-old daughter, Marita. He told US officials that he had been a forestry worker during the war. The family settled in Baltimore, Maryland, where Detlavs worked for General Electric in an insulated cable factory. He never became a US citizen. His wife passed away, and Detlavs later married Vera. In 1973, he lost a leg due to cancer. After 23 years at the factory, Detlavs retired.

In October 1976, Karlis Detlavs was accused of war crimes and the US Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) filed a deportation action. Beginning November 1977, Detlavs was tried in federal court for withholding information and denying involvement in Nazi war crimes upon becoming a permanent resident of the US in 1950. He was accused of the execution of Jews in the Riga ghetto and selecting Jews for execution in the Dwinsk ghetto. After four days of hearings, the judge, the Honorable Martin J. Travers, announced a continuance to permit the prosecution, led by INS attorney James Grable, to obtain more evidence from Soviet sources. Several members of the Jewish Defense League (JDL) attending the hearing staged what some newspapers described as a riot in the courtroom. They began shouting at the judge and were removed from the courtroom. In June 1978, while Judge Travers was on assignment in the US Virgin Islands, part of his circuit at the time, he was stabbed to death.

New hearings were scheduled for November 1978, and the judge, the Honorable Emil Bobek, discounted all testimony from the first trial. There were four days of testimony in November 1978 and four in January 1979. George L. Parker was the chief prosecutor. Deltavs was charged with lying on both his visa and his residency applications, and accused of participating in war crimes. When interviewed by US officials in Munich for immigration purposes, Detlavs told them that he had been a forestry worker during the war. During the trial, several eyewitnesses were brought to testify to Detlavs identity. Boris Tsesvan identified Detlavs as one of the uniformed guards who beat and took away another Jewish forced laborer from the Hotel Roma in Riga in June 1943. Abraham Lipchin identified Detlavs as one of a group of Latvian police officers shooting Jews in what became known as Bloody Sunday, on November 30, 1941.

Another witness, Frida Michelson, a 72-year-old Soviet emigre that had settled in Israel, identified Detlavs from a 1950 photograph shown to her in the late 1970s by Israeli police. She said he was the green-uniformed Nazi collaborator whom she begged for her life during the massacre at Rumbula forest on December 8, 1941. More than 30,000 Jews were murdered in two days during the Rumbula Massacre. She said he responded by knocking her documents from his hand with his fist. Someone else hit her on the head from behind. Detlavs then ordered her to remove her clothes, leave her belongings in designated piles, and forced her, with hundreds of other Latvian Jews, to an execution ditch. She threw herself in the snow and the other prisoners threw their shoes on her, quickly hiding her beneath a pile. She was hidden beneath the shoes when the group was machine-gunned. She stayed hidden until night fall and was the only survivor. Frida and other witnesses identified Detlavs from photographs of Latvian guards taken at the time, though she never identified Detlavs in the courtroom.

Detlavs admitted being forced by the Germans into joining the Latvian Legion, but denied any participation in beatings or mass executions in and around Riga during the early 1940s. In making his ruling, Judge Bobek admonished Detlavs for his lack of credibility and for lying under oath multiple times. However, he ruled that after 37 years, the identifications of Detlavs were unreliable, and the witnesses may have been influenced by Israeli police. The identification photo used by the witnesses was part of Detlavs' 1950 immigration application, and clearly showed one of his eyes, blinded in 1943, askew. The judge noted that the witnesses had all said the photo looked just like the man they had seen assaulting Jews in 1941, and did not mention Detlavs' eyes at all. Judge Bobek also said that the admitted lie was not sufficient to warrant deportation. In March 1980, the US Department of Justice appealed Bobek’s decision. The decision was upheld on appeal in 1981.