Overview
- Brief Narrative
- White and yellow tea towel brought by 10 year old Ellen Ruth Fass from Berlin, Germany, to Edge, England, on a Kindertransport on July 25, 1939. After Hitler assumed power in 1933, Jews were subject to increasingly punitive restrictions. During Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, Ellen’s father Georg was arrested and sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp. After his release in December, he and Nanette tried to immigrate to the United States or South America, but could not get visas. They arranged for Ellen and her brother Gerhard, 5, to be sent to England in summer 1939. Ellen lived in Edge with Kate Richmond and Gerhard lived in Derby with Charles and Esther Freeman. Ellen’s parents were deported to Kaunas, Lithuania, on November 17, 1941, and killed at the Ninth Fort on November 25. Ellen’s maternal grandparents, Eduard and Dorothea Simon, were deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in June 1942, then to Treblinka killing center in September. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. In May 1946, Ellen immigrated to the United States.
- Date
-
emigration:
1939 July 25
- Geography
-
received:
Berlin (Germany)
- Credit Line
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Ellen Zilka
- Markings
- front, lower edge, woven : L.V. – G. 79
- Contributor
-
Subject:
Ellen R. Zilka
- Biography
-
Ellen Ruth Thea Fass was born on October 6, 1928, in Berlin, Germany, to a Jewish couple, Georg Karl and Nanette Simon Fass. Ellen Ruth had a brother, Gerhard Julius, who was born on September 15, 1933. Ellen Ruth’s father Georg was born on April 1, 1891, in Schoenlanke (now Trzcianka, Poland), to Julius and Dina Bernstein Fass. Julius was born on January 6, 1854, and Dina was born on June 30, 1852. Julius owned a matzah factory. Georg had four siblings: Max, Regina, Egon, and Friedrich. Egon immigrated to South America before Ellen Ruth was born. Ellen Ruth’s mother Nanette was born on June 14, 1906, in Osnabrueck, to Eduard and Dorothea Altmann Simon. Eduard was born on January 27, 1873, in Thalfang, to Isac and Nanette Simon. Dorothea was born on August 31, 1877, in Schrimm (Srem, Poland). The couple owned two shoe stores in Cologne. Nanette had two sisters: Rosalie, called Rosie, born June 4, 1907, and Juliana Else, called Elsie, born September 5, 1909. Ellen Ruth’s father Georg was a traveling shoe salesman. The family was observant, regularly attended synagogue, and kept kosher. Ellen Ruth attended public school and Hebrew school. She spoke German and Hebrew and learned English in school. Ellen Ruth was close with her mother’s family. They spent Passover with her maternal grandparents in Cologne. Her maternal aunt Elsie and her husband Fritz Silberschmidt (1908-1991) also lived in Cologne. In the summers, they visited her maternal aunt Rosie, Rosie’s husband Walter Heineman (1902-1986), and their daughter Vera (1931-2001) in Erfurt. Once a year, they visited Georg’s sister Regina in Schoenlanke for Simchat Torah.
In January 1933, Hitler came to power in Germany. Although anti-Semitic persecution was increasing, Ellen Ruth was shielded from the changes because she was a child. In fall 1938, the family was forced to move from their suburban home in Steglitz into the city. They lived in a crowded apartment with two or three other families, only two blocks away from the Neue Synagogue. Ellen Ruth had to change schools. On the morning of November 10, during Kristallnacht, Ellen Ruth and her family saw the Neue Synagogue burning from their window. Ellen Ruth’s father Georg was arrested and sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp. He was released on December 17. Ellen Ruth’s maternal uncle Walter had also been arrested during Kristallnacht. He was released because they already had their visas to immigrate to the United States. In December, Rosie, Walter, and Vera visited Ellen Ruth’s family in Berlin, then went to the Netherlands. They immigrated to New York in December, arriving in January 1939. Ellen Ruth’s parents tried to get visas to immigrate to the US or South America, but were unsuccessful. Nanette’s cousin Lotte Friedman (1906-2001) lived in London and arranged for Ellen Ruth and Gerhard to be signed up for a Kindertransport, or children’s transport. In preparation for their trip, Nanette bought them new clothes and sewed name tags into their bedding and towels. In June 1939, Gerhard, age five, left for England. He was taken in by a childless Jewish couple, Charles and Esther Freeman, in Derby. The Freemans wrote to Ellen Ruth’s parents to give them updates on Gerhard.
On July 25, Ellen Ruth, age 10, took a train to the Netherlands, then went to England. She was sent to London, then to Stroud. She was taken to a nearby village, Edge, where she lived with Kate Richmond, a retired nurse who ran a convalescent home in her house. Ten to twelve elderly women lived with them. The home had no plumbing or electricity. She dropped her second name, Ruth, because it sounded too German. She learned English very quickly and attempted to drop her German accent. Ellen attended the local school. Kate arranged for another German Jewish refugee, Maria Wolf, to live with them during the school year so Ellen had a friend. Ellen kept in touch with her parents and grandparents. When war broke out after Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Ellen received an ID card as an enemy alien. Ellen had to write to her family via the Red Cross. In March 1940, Ellen’s paternal aunt Regina died of natural causes. In 1940, Ellen stopped receiving letters from her parents. Kate ensured that Ellen was able to observe Judaism. She did not eat bacon or sausage with the rest of the household. In school, she was excused from religious services and class. Kate arranged for Ellen to study Judaism with a synagogue in London via correspondence. There were four or five Jewish refugees in the Stroud area. Services for Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur were arranged for them every year. Ellen visited her brother Gerhard in Derby for Passover. The war ended when Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945.
Ellen’s parents did not contact her again. She remained in Edge with Kate until she was contacted by her maternal aunt Rosie, who wanted to bring her to the US. Rosie also wanted to bring Gerhard, but his foster parents told her that they had adopted him. He changed his name to Gerald Freeman and remained in England with his adoptive family. On May 3, 1946, Ellen sailed from Liverpool on the SS Drottningholm, arriving in New York on May 13. She lived in Boston with her aunt and uncle, Rosie and Walter, who treated her like a daughter. Ellen graduated from high school, then attended Radcliffe College for three years. She graduated from Simmons College with a library degree. She worked at the Brooklyn Public Library. In 1952, Ellen married Samuel Zilka, who was born on June 6, 1926, in Iraq. The couple settled in New York and had three children. Ellen eventually learned what happened to her parents. On November 17, 1941, Georg and Nanette were deported to Kovno, Lithuania (now Kaunas). On November 25, they were killed at the Ninth Fort in Kovno, which was used as an execution site for Jews. Ellen’s maternal grandparents Eduard and Dorothea were deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in Czechoslovakia on June 15, 1942. On September 19, they were deported to Treblinka killing center in Poland. Ellen’s aunt Rosie, age 73, died on February 6, 1981, in Dade, Florida. Ellen’s aunt Elsie, age 90, died on April 4, 2000, in Orange, Florida. Ellen’s brother Gerald, age 74, died in March 2007.
Physical Details
- Classification
-
Furnishings and Furniture
- Category
-
Household linens
- Object Type
-
Towels (lcsh)
- Physical Description
- Rectangular, textured, white cloth tea towel with a wide yellow stripe bordered with 2 narrow raised white stripes on each long side and 5 narrow raised white stripes on each short side, with raised rectangles where they intersect in the corners. The lower edge has a raised rectangle with woven text. The long edges are hemmed and the short edges are selvage.
- Dimensions
- overall: Height: 20.375 inches (51.753 cm) | Width: 14.750 inches (37.465 cm)
- Materials
- overall : cloth, thread
Rights & Restrictions
- Conditions on Access
- No restrictions on access
- Conditions on Use
- No restrictions on use
Keywords & Subjects
- Topical Term
- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Germany--Berlin--Personal narratives. Jewish children in the Holocaust--Great Britain. Jewish refugees--Great Britain--Biography. Kindertransports (Rescue operations)--Great Britain--Personal narratives, German. Refugee children--Great Britain--Biography. World War, 1939-1945--Jews--Rescue--Great Britain.
Administrative Notes
- Legal Status
- Permanent Collection
- Provenance
- The towel was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2014 by Ellen Fass Zilka.
- Funding Note
- The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.
- Record last modified:
- 2022-08-08 15:15:19
- This page:
- https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn89172
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Also in Ellen Fass Zilka family collection
The collection consists of a belt, blanket, bracelet, card game, case, set of garters, handkerchief, spoon, 2 towels, documents, and photographs relating to the experiences of Ellen Ruth Fass before the Holocaust in Germany, during the Holocaust in England, and after the Holocaust in the United States, and an armband, Star of David badge, and documents relating to Marie Goerlich, Ellen’s great aunt, who was interned in Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp.
Date: 1920-1991
Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp scrip, 2 kronen note, acquired by an inmate
Object
Scrip, valued at 2 (zwei) kronen likely acquired by Marie Goerlich who was imprisoned in Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in German occupied Czechoslovakia from March 18, 1943, to May 9, 1945. Inmates were not allowed to have currency and the SS ordered the Jewish Council to design scrip for use only in the camp. Produced in 7 denominations: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, it was issued to create a false appearance of normalcy in the camp. There was nothing to obtain with the scrip. Marie later gave the scrip to her great niece, Ellen Ruth Fass, who was sent from Berlin to England on a Kindertransport in July 1939. Marie was Jewish but married a Christian man and celebrated Christian holidays. After the Nuremberg Laws were passed in Germany in 1935, Marie was defined as Jewish because she had four Jewish grandparents. On March 18, 1943, Marie was deported to Theresienstadt, where she was liberated on May 9, 1945, by Soviet forces. She returned home to Germany.
Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp scrip, 5 kronen note, acquired by an inmate
Object
Scrip, valued at 5 [funf] kronen likely acquired by Marie Goerlich who was imprisoned in Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in German occupied Czechoslovakia from March 18, 1943, to May 9, 1945. Inmates were not allowed to have currency and the SS ordered the Jewish Council to design scrip for use only in the camp. Produced in 7 denominations: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, it was issued to create a false appearance of normalcy in the camp. There was nothing to obtain with the scrip. Marie later gave the scrip to her great niece, Ellen Ruth Fass, who was sent from Berlin to England on a Kindertransport in July 1939. Marie was Jewish but married a Christian man and celebrated Christian holidays. After the Nuremberg Laws were passed in Germany in 1935, Marie was defined as Jewish because she had four Jewish grandparents. On March 18, 1943, Marie was deported to Theresienstadt, where she was liberated on May 9, 1945, by Soviet forces. She returned home to Germany.
Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp scrip, 50 kronen note, acquired by an inmate
Object
Scrip, valued at 50 [funfzig] kronen likely acquired by Marie Goerlich who was imprisoned in Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in German occupied Czechoslovakia from March 18, 1943, to May 9, 1945. Inmates were not allowed to have currency and the SS ordered the Jewish Council to design scrip for use only in the camp. Produced in 7 denominations: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, it was issued to create a false appearance of normalcy in the camp. There was nothing to obtain with the scrip. Marie later gave the scrip to her great niece, Ellen Ruth Fass, who was sent from Berlin to England on a Kindertransport in July 1939. Marie was Jewish but married a Christian man and celebrated Christian holidays. After the Nuremberg Laws were passed in Germany in 1935, Marie was defined as Jewish because she had four Jewish grandparents. On March 18, 1943, Marie was deported to Theresienstadt, where she was liberated on May 9, 1945, by Soviet forces. She returned home to Germany.
Ellen Fass Zilka papers
Document
Documents and photographs concerning the experiences of the Ellen Fass (donor), who was sent from Germany to the United Kingdom with her brother Gerd [later known as Gerald Freeman] as part of the Kindertransport in 1939. Included is correspondence written by her parents who did not survive, dated 1939-1940, and by others. Also included is a collection of documents illustrating the experiences of Marie Goerlich (donor’s distant relative) who survived the Theresienstadt concentration camp.
Silver serving spoon with modern poliert pattern carried by a Kindertransport refugee
Object
Silver serving spoon brought by 10 year old Ellen Ruth Fass from Berlin, Germany, to Edge, England, on a Kindertransport on July 25, 1939. The spoon has a design called modern poliert. After Hitler assumed power in Germany in 1933, Jews were subjected to increasingly punitive restrictions. During Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, Ellen’s father Georg was arrested and sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp. After his release in December, he and Ellen’s mother, Nanette, tried to immigrate to the United States or South America, but could not get visas. They arranged for Ellen and her brother Gerhard, 5, to be sent to England in summer 1939. Ellen lived in Edge with Kate Richmond and Gerhard lived in Derby with Charles and Esther Freeman. Ellen’s parents were deported to Kaunas, Lithuania on November 17, 1941, and were killed at the Ninth Fort on November 25. Ellen’s maternal grandparents, Eduard and Dorothea Simon, were deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in June 1942, then to Treblinka killing center in September. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. In May 1946, Ellen immigrated to the United States.
Deutsches Land boxed card deck carried by a Kindertransport refugee
Object
Deutsches Land [German Country] boxed quartet card game taken with Ellen Fass, 10, in 1939 when she and her brother Gerhard, 5, left Germany on a July 1939 Kindertransport to Great Britain. After Hitler assumed power in 1933, Jews suffered under increasingly punitive restrictions. During Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, Ellen’s father Georg was arrested and sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp. After his release in December, he and Ellen’s mother, Nanette, tried to immigrate to the United States or South America, but could not get visas. They arranged for Ellen and her brother to be sent to England. Ellen lived in Edge with Kate Richmond and Gerhard in Derby with Charles and Esther Freeman. Ellen’s parents were deported to Kaunas (Kovno) in German occupied Lithuania, on November 17, 1941, and killed at the Ninth Fort on November 25. Ellen’s maternal grandparents, Eduard and Dorothea Simon, were deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in June 1942, then to Treblinka killing center in September. In May 1946, Ellen immigrated to the United States.
Plastic amber bead bracelet worn by a Kindertransport refugee
Object
Amber bracelet brought by 10 year old Ellen Ruth Fass from Berlin, Germany, to England, on a Kindertransport on July 25, 1939. Ellen got the bracelet on a Baltic vacation in about 1935. After Hitler assumed power in Germany in 1933, Jews were subject to increasingly punitive restrictions. During Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, Ellen’s father Georg was arrested and sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp. After his release in December, he and Ellen’s mother, Nanette, tried to immigrate to the United States or South America, but could not get visas. They arranged for Ellen and her brother Gerhard, 5, to be sent to England in summer 1939. Ellen lived in Edge with Kate Richmond and Gerhard lived in Derby with Charles and Esther Freeman. Ellen’s parents were deported to Kaunas, Lithuania, on November 17, 1941, and killed at the Ninth Fort on November 25. Ellen’s maternal grandparents, Eduard and Dorothea Simon, were deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in June 1942, then to Treblinka killing center in September. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. In May 1946, Ellen immigrated to the United States.
Blue and green plaid belt for a school uniform worn by a Kindertransport refugee
Object
Blue and green plaid cloth belt worn by Ellen Ruth Fass in school in England where she was sent there from Berlin, Germany, in July 1939. Ellen received the belt as part of her school uniform in Edge, England. After Hitler assumed power in 1933, Jews were subject to increasingly punitive restrictions. During Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, Ellen’s father Georg was arrested and sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp. After his release in December, he and Ellen’s mother, Nanette, tried to immigrate to the United States or South America, but could not get visas. They arranged for Ellen, 10, and her brother Gerhard, 5, to be sent to England in summer 1939. Ellen lived in Edge with Kate Richmond and Gerhard lived in Derby with Charles and Esther Freeman. Ellen’s parents were deported to Kaunas, Lithuania, on November 17, 1941, and killed at the Ninth Fort on November 25. Ellen’s maternal grandparents, Eduard and Dorothea Simon, were deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in June 1942, then to Treblinka killing center in September. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. In May 1946, Ellen immigrated to the United States.
Pink ribbon garter owned by a Kindertransport refugee
Object
Pink ribbon garter owned by Ellen Ruth Fass, who was sent from Berlin, Germany, to Edge, England, on a Kindertransport on July 25, 1939. After Hitler assumed power in 1933, Jews were subject to increasingly punitive restrictions. During Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, Ellen’s father Georg was arrested and sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp. After his release in December, he and Ellen’s mother, Nanette, tried to immigrate to the United States or South America, but could not get visas. They arranged for Ellen, 10 and her brother Gerhard, 5, to be sent to England in summer 1939. Ellen lived in Edge with Kate Richmond and Gerhard lived in Derby with Charles and Esther Freeman. Ellen’s parents were deported to Kaunas, Lithuania on November 17, 1941, and killed at the Ninth Fort on November 25. Ellen’s maternal grandparents, Eduard and Dorothea Simon, were deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in June 1942, then to Treblinka killing center in September. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. In May 1946, Ellen immigrated to the United States.
Pink ribbon garter owned by a Kindertransport refugee
Object
Pink ribbon garter owned by Ellen Ruth Fass, who was sent from Berlin, Germany, to Edge, England, on a Kindertransport on July 25, 1939. After Hitler assumed power in 1933, Jews were subject to increasingly punitive restrictions. During Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, Ellen’s father Georg was arrested and sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp. After his release in December, he and Ellen’s mother, Nanette, tried to immigrate to the United States or South America, but could not get visas. They arranged for Ellen, 10 and her brother Gerhard, 5, to be sent to England in summer 1939. Ellen lived in Edge with Kate Richmond and Gerhard lived in Derby with Charles and Esther Freeman. Ellen’s parents were deported to Kaunas, Lithuania on November 17, 1941, and killed at the Ninth Fort on November 25. Ellen’s maternal grandparents, Eduard and Dorothea Simon, were deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in June 1942, then to Treblinka killing center in September. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. In May 1946, Ellen immigrated to the United States.
White blanket with purple border used by a Kindertransport refugee
Object
White and purple blanket brought by 10 year old Ellen Ruth Fass from Berlin, Germany, to Edge, England, on a Kindertransport on July 25, 1939. Before Ellen left, her mother Nanette sewed a name tag into each of her belongings. The blanket is also embroidered with Nanette’s initials. After Hitler assumed power in 1933, Jews were subject to increasingly punitive restrictions. During Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, Ellen’s father Georg was arrested and sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp. After his release in December, he and Nanette tried to immigrate to the United States or South America, but could not get visas. They arranged for Ellen and her brother Gerhard, 5, to be sent to England in summer 1939. Ellen lived in Edge with Kate Richmond and Gerhard lived in Derby with Charles and Esther Freeman. Ellen’s parents were deported to Kaunas, Lithuania, on November 17, 1941, and killed at the Ninth Fort on November 25. Ellen’s maternal grandparents, Eduard and Dorothea Simon, were deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in June 1942, then to Treblinka killing center in September. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. In May 1946, Ellen immigrated to the United States.
Blue striped white damask handkerchief used by a Kindertransport refugee
Object
White and blue handkerchief brought by 10 year old Ellen Ruth Fass from Berlin, Germany, to Edge, England, on a Kindertransport on July 25, 1939. After Hitler assumed power in 1933, Jews were subject to increasingly punitive restrictions. During Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, Ellen’s father Georg was arrested and sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp. After his release in December, he and Nanette tried to immigrate to the United States or South America, but could not get visas. They arranged for Ellen and her brother Gerhard, 5, to be sent to England in summer 1939. Ellen lived in Edge with Kate Richmond and Gerhard lived in Derby with Charles and Esther Freeman. Ellen’s parents were deported to Kaunas, Lithuania, on November 17, 1941, and killed at the Ninth Fort on November 25. Ellen’s maternal grandparents, Eduard and Dorothea Simon, were deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in June 1942, then to Treblinka killing center in September. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. In May 1946, Ellen immigrated to the United States.
White tea towel with green stripes used by a Kindertransport refugee
Object
White and green tea towel brought by 10 year old Ellen Ruth Fass from Berlin, Germany, to Edge, England, on a Kindertransport on July 25, 1939. Before Ellen left, her mother Nanette sewed a name tag into each of her belongings. After Hitler assumed power in 1933, Jews were subject to increasingly punitive restrictions. During Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, Ellen’s father Georg was arrested and sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp. After his release in December, he and Nanette tried to immigrate to the United States or South America, but could not get visas. They arranged for Ellen and her brother Gerhard, 5, to be sent to England in summer 1939. Ellen lived in Edge with Kate Richmond and Gerhard lived in Derby with Charles and Esther Freeman. Ellen’s parents were deported to Kaunas, Lithuania, on November 17, 1941, and killed at the Ninth Fort on November 25. Ellen’s maternal grandparents, Eduard and Dorothea Simon, were deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in June 1942, then to Treblinka killing center in September. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. In May 1946, Ellen immigrated to the United States.
Theresienstadt armband worn by a Jewish inmate
Object
Theresienstadt armband worn by Marie Goerlich who was imprisoned in Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in German occupied Czechoslovakia from March 18, 1943, to May 9, 1945. The armband is stamped with a medical symbol and text for the local government of Theresienstadt ghetto. Marie later gave the armband to her great niece, Ellen Ruth Fass, who was sent from Berlin to England on a Kindertransport in July 1939. Marie was Jewish but married a Christian man and celebrated Christian holidays. After the Nuremberg Laws were passed in Germany in 1935, Marie was defined as Jewish because she had four Jewish grandparents. On March 18, 1943, Marie was deported from Berlin to Theresienstadt. On May 9, 1945, she was liberated in Theresienstadt by Soviet forces. She returned home to Germany.
Brown alligator leather holder used by Kindertransport refugee
Object
Brown alligator patterned leather case brought by 10 year old Ellen Ruth Fass from Berlin, Germany, to Edge, England, on a Kindertransport on July 25, 1939. After Hitler assumed power in in 1933, Jews were subject to increasingly punitive restrictions. During Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, Ellen’s father Georg was arrested and sent to Sachenhausen concentration camp. After his release in December, he and Nanette tried to immigrate to the United States or South America, but could not get visas. They arranged for Ellen and her brother Gerhard, 5, to be sent to England in summer 1939. Ellen lived in Edge with Kate Richmond and Gerhard lived in Derby with Charles and Esther Freeman. Ellen’s parents were deported to Kaunas, Lithuania, on November 17, 1941, and killed at the Ninth Fort on November 25. Ellen’s maternal grandparents, Eduard and Dorothea Simon, were deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in June 1942, then to Treblinka killing center in September. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. In May 1946, Ellen immigrated to the United States.
Unused Star of David badge owned by a German Jewish woman
Object
Uncut Star of David badge printed with Jude for Jew, likely owned by Marie Goerlich, who was deported from Caputh,Germany, to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp on March 18, 1943. On September 9, 1941, German Jews were required to wear these badges to humiliate and separate them from the general public. Marie later gave the badge to her great niece, Ellen Ruth Fass, who was sent from Berlin to England on a Kindertransport in July 1939. Marie was Jewish but married a Christian man and celebrated Christian holidays. After the Nuremberg Laws were passed in Germany in 1935, Marie was defined as Jewish because she had four Jewish grandparents. On March 18, 1943, Marie was deported from Berlin to Theresienstadt. On May 9, 1945, she was liberated in Theresienstadt by Soviet forces. She returned home to Germany.