Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp scrip, 100 kronen note, issued to a German Jewish inmate

Emma Pariser was born on December 14, 1889, in Inowraclaw, Germany (now Poland) to Albert and Rosalie David Pariser. Albert was born on March 10, 1862, in Tremessen, Germany, and died in 1904 in Hohensalza. Rosalie was born January 5, 1864, in Strelno, Germany, and died in 1902. Emma had three sisters: Clara, Gertrude, and Helcha. Albert and Rosalie owned a clothing store and, after their deaths, the sisters took it over. On May 7, 1919, Germany had to return Posen to Poland, in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles. Emma moved to Berlin where she opened a ladies undergarment franchise called Etna. She remet Martin Jonas, formerly a watchmaker, now a businessman. They had known each other as children and married in 1924. Martin was born on June 5, 1885, in Lobzenica, to Beta Ehrlich and Jakob Jonas. He had two brothers, Oscar and Siegfried, and a sister, Clara. He had a serious heart ailment contracted during his service in the German Army in World War I (1914-1918). The couple had a daughter, Helga, on June 4, 1925. The family did not keep a kosher home, although Emma and Helga went to temple and observed Shabbat.

In 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor and Jews were subject to persecution and multiple legal restrictions. In 1937, Helga was forced to leave public school and attend a Jewish school. During the November 9-10, 1938, Kristallnacht pogrom, the family watched from their apartment window as the pharmacy across the street was vandalized. Living solely on Martin’s army pension, money was scarce and they rented out rooms to Jewish tenants. Emma and Martin could not obtain visas to leave Germany due to Martin’s illness and because his assets had been frozen by the government. They arranged for Helga to leave on a Kindertransport to England on March 2, 1939. She lived with the Posnansky family, a wealthy Orthodox Jewish family with three children. Helga wrote her parents each week and they called on her birthday. After Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, they could only send messages of 25 words through the Red Cross. They had not yet been deported because they had been born in German-claimed territory and because of Martin’s disabled veteran status from his service in the German Army.

On February 13, 1943, the Gestapo arrested Emma and Martin at their apartment and took them to a detention center. The apartment was sealed and then sold. On March 9, 1943, they were in a detention center on Gerlach Street when Martin became ill. A newly arrived deportee, Dr. Ritter, gave Martin medication and arranged for him to be admitted the next morning to the Jewish Hospital. Martin had a build up of fluid around his heart that had to be aspirated. In accordance with a policy issued by Adolf Eichmann, gravely ill Jews between 55-65 years were not to be deported to ghettos or concentration camps. Thus, Martin, with Emma, was placed in a succession of nursing homes and detention centers. In June, a seriously ill Martin was transferred back to the Jewish Hospital. Emma went with him and was assigned to iron hospital laundry without pay. Martin died on October 2, 1944. He was buried in a Jewish cemetery in an area for soldiers, the last veteran to be buried there. Emma attended. She had planned to escape while at the funeral, but decided against it. She sent Helga a letter telling her that Martin had died and that she, Emma, was going on a journey. On October 10, Emma was moved to the police facility at the hospital.

On November 24, 1944, Emma was deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in German-occupied Czechoslovakia. She lived in Barrack #3. She worked the night shift in the glimmer [mica] factory, splitting the mineral glimmer into thin slices to be used as electrical insulation for airplanes. The women often sliced their fingers with the sharp tools and could not stop working until they met their daily quota. Those who had to work late would then miss their evening food ration. Emma wrote many poems about her work, thoughts, and emotions while in Theresienstadt. She was often depressed and considered suicide, but the other prisoners would stay with her to help her through these periods. Theresienstadt was liberated by Soviet troops on May 9, 1945. The International Red Cross came to the camp and brought matzoh for Passover. On July 11, Emma was moved to Deggendorf displaced persons camp in Germany. She learned that her only sister still alive when the war began had perished in the camps, as did all of Martin's siblings.

Emma’s sister Gertrude and all of Martin’s siblings were murdered in the Holocaust. In 1947, Helga, now a nurse, heard that her mother’s name was on a list at a refugee center. The women were reunited in England. Helga was excited to see her mother again and Emma told her that it was the hope of seeing Helga again that made her survive. It was at times a difficult reunion. Helga was torn between Emma and her English family. Helga felt that she had become English and did not want to go back to being German. She took Emma to meet the Posnansky family and they celebrated Yom Kippur together. She and Emma shared an apartment. On August 2, 1957, Helga left England on the Empress of England for a job in Montreal, Canada. Emma arrived eight months later. They moved to California in 1962 where Helga worked as a member of a pioneering open heart surgery team. Helga married John Carden on May 16, 1971. Emma, 81, died in August 1971.

Helga Jonas was born on June 4, 1925, in Berlin, Germany, to Emma Pariser and Martin Jonas. Emma was born on December 14, 1889, to Rosalie David and Albert Pariser, in Inowraclaw, Germany (now Poland). Emma had three sisters, Clara, Gertrude, and Helcha. Her parents owned a clothing store. Her mother died in 1902 and father in 1904, and the sisters took over the store. Martin was born on June 5, 1885, to Berta Ehrlich and Jakob Jonas in Tremessen, Germany. He had two brothers, Oscar and Sigfried, and a sister, Clara. He served in the German Army in World War I (1914-1918) and contracted a serious heart ailment. On May 7, 1919, Germany had to return Posen to Poland in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles. As a result, Emma and Martin moved to Berlin separately. Martin became a businessman and Emma opened Etna, a ladies undergarment store. They met again and married in 1924. The family did not keep a kosher home, but Emma and Helga went to temple and observed Shabbat. Helga attended public school where a Jewish teacher taught Hebrew and Jewish subjects twice a week. Helga spent the summers with her Aunt Clara in Danzig (Gdansk, Poland).
In 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor and, by the summer, the Nazi dictatorship was well established and all Jews lost their civil rights. Helga’s first experience with anti-Semitism took place when she was not permitted to swim in a public pool or perform with her gymnastics team at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Antisemitic propaganda was everywhere: she saw Hitler Youth, anti-Jewish posters, and swastika banners in the streets. One day, she was driving with her father and they stopped to let a parade pass and saw Hitler ride by in a Mercedes; people lined the streets, saluting in adoration. In 1937, Helga was forced to leave the public school and attend a Jewish school. She had a non-Jewish friend whose father was a high-ranking Nazi official. The family knew she was Jewish but accepted her and invited her for Christmas.
Summer 1938 was the last one she spent in Danzig. Some Polish children called her a dirty Jew and she got into a lot of fights. During the November 9-10, 1938, Kristallnacht pogrom, on the way to school, Helga saw a temple burning and the broken windows of a Jewish furrier. That night, the family watched from their apartment window as the pharmacy across the street was vandalized. Living solely on Martin’s army pension, money was scarce and the family rented out rooms to Jewish tenants. Emma and Martin could not obtain visas to leave Germany due to Martin’s illness and because the government had frozen his assets. They arranged for Helga to leave Germany on a Kindertransport to England. Before she left, Helga visited her relatives and her Uncle Oscar gave her a gold bracelet. Her parents took her to the train station on March 2, 1939. She took one suitcase and a stuffed monkey. Helga and 200 other children arrived in Holland and boarded a boat for England. She arrived in London and lived with a German family, the Epses, acquaintances of her family, for one week, until they found her a foster family.
Helga then went to live with Anne and Jack Posnansky, wealthy Orthodox Jews with 3 children: Tony, Beryl, and Jillian. The house was large, with gardens, servants, a nanny, and tennis courts, and looked like a park to Helga. The family observed Shabbat, high holidays, and kept kosher. Helga was determined to fit in; she attended school and quickly learned English and English mannerisms. She wrote her parents each week and they called on her birthday. They had not yet been deported due to Martin’s service in the German Army and because both were from German claimed territory. After Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, Helga could only send messages of 25 words through the Red Cross.
In 1942, Helga had left the Posnansky family to attend nursing school. She got her nursing certificate and a job as a surgical nurse. Her last letter from Emma, written on an envelope scrap, informed her that her father had died on October 2, 1944, in a hospital, from his heart condition, and that her mother would be going on a journey. Helga knew Emma meant that she was about to be deported.
The war ended in May 1945 and Helga had no news about her mother. In 1947, Helga heard that her mother’s name was on a list at a refugee center and they were reunited. Emma had been deported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in German occupied Czechoslovakia which was liberated on May 9, 1945. In July, she had been moved to Deggendorf displaced persons camp in Germany. Helga was excited to see her mother, who told her that she had survived mainly to see her again. But Helga was torn between Emma and her English family. Helga felt that she had become English and she did not want to go back to being German. She brought Emma to meet the Posnansky family and they celebrated Yom Kippur together. She and Emma shared an apartment. Martin's three siblings had perished in the camps; two of her mother's sisters had died before the war and her remaining sister perished in a camp. On August 2, 1957, Helga left England on the Empress of England for a job in Montreal, Canada. Emma arrived eight months later. They moved to California in 1962 where Helga worked as a member of a pioneering open heart surgery team. Helga married John Carden on May 16, 1971. Emma, 81, died in August 1971.

Franz Peter Kien was born January 1, 1919, in Varnsdorf, Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic), to Leonard and Olga Frankl Kien. His father Leonard was born in 1886, in Varnsdorf, and was a member of the German-speaking Jewish population in the, the Sudetenalnd, which bordered Germany. Leonard was a textile manufacturer with his own factory. Peter’s mother Olga was born in 1898, in Bzenec, Austro-Hungary (Czech Republic), to Jewish parents. After 1929, the Kien family moved to Brno. Peter enrolled at the German Gymnasium, where he excelled at drawing, painting, and writing. In 1936, he graduated and moved to Prague to study at the Academy of Fine Arts. He also attended the Officina Pragensis, a private graphic design school run by a well-known Jewish artist, Hugo Steiner-Prag.

On September 29, 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland. On March 15, 1939, Germany invaded Prague and annexed the Bohemia and Moravia provinces of Czechoslovakia, ruled by a Reich Protector. Jews were banned from participation in government, businesses, and organization, including schools. Peter had to leave the Academy, but continued to study at the Officina Pragensis. He also taught at Vinohrady Synagogue. In September 1940, Peter married Ilse Stranska, who was born on May 9, 1915, in Pilsen, to Jewish parents.

In late September 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, the SS head of RSHA, Reich Main Security Office, became Reich Protector. Soon there were regular deportations of Jews to concentration camps. At the end of November, Theresienstadt concentration and transit camp near Prague got its first shipment of Jewish prisoners. On December 14, Peter was transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. He was assigned to the technical department where he worked as a draftsman and designer alongside other artists, including Bedrich Fritta, Leo Haas, and Jiri Lauscher. On July 16, 1942, Peter’s wife Ilse arrived in the camp. On January 30, 1943, Peter’s parents Leonard and Olga were transported from Bzenec to Terezin. Peter was assigned major projects by the Jewish Council that administered the camp for the Germans, such as the scrip receipts used in place of money in the camp. He secretly documented the inmate’s daily life, creating portraits and other drawings, and wrote plays, poems, and an operatic libretto. On October 16, 1944, Peter’s wife Ilse and his parents Leonard and Olga were selected for deportation. Peter volunteered to go with them. Before leaving, Peter and his family were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp in German-occupied Poland. Peter survived the selection process, soon fell ill, likely with typhus, and died at age 25 in late October 1944. His wife and parents were killed at Auschwitz. Some of the work that Peter left with other prisoners or hid at Theresienstadt survived and has been exhibited worldwide.