Large, ribbed burlap covered trunk used by Jewish Czech inmates

Otto Bruml was born on June 17, 1916, to Jindrich and Irma Schindler Bruml in Prague, Austro-Hungry (Czech Republic). His father Jindrich was born in 1882 in Strazov, Austro-Hungry, to Abraham and Anna Steinreich Bruml and had approximately 10 siblings. Jindrich was a prosperous businessman and owned several shoe factories. Otto’s mother Irma was born in 1885 in Trebenice in the Czech region of Austro-Hungary, to Jacob and Anna Getreuer Schindler. Otto had an older brother, Karel (later Charles, 1912-1998), and a younger sister, Anna (b.1922). His family spoke Czech and German. The family was Jewish and assimilated. They did not keep kosher and rarely attended synagogue. Otto attended a Czech high school and then studied law at the university in Prague. While Jewish citizens had long held full citizenship rights, and antisemitism was prohibited, Otto and his brother Karel were sometimes called insulting names. Otto looked more Jewish than Karel, so he dealt with the insults more often. Otto’s father often partnered with his brother Richard (b.1884) on business deals. Their families were very close. The boys and spent a great deal of time together. Richard was married to Helene Fischer (b.1891) who had a brother Karel (1889 - 1975), was a railroad engineer. Karel married i March 1938, but had no children and the boys spent a great deal of time with him and considered him their uncle.

On September 29, 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland border region of Czechoslovakia. On March 15, 1939, Germany invade and annexed the provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, which included Prague. It was governed by a Reich Protector. Anti-Jewish polices were put in place that banned Jews from professions and organizations and restricted their ability to make a living. Otto’s paternal uncle Richard, secretary of the Pilsen branch of the Czechoslovakian Social Democratic party, was arrested and jailed as any opposition to the Reich was forbidden. Jews could shop only at certain times, when things were sold out or only the worst cuts of meat or picked over produce were available. Otto was forced to leave university and Karel had to leave his job. His father’s businesses were confiscated and he could find no other work. The family had to turn their assets over, and also their radio so that they could not hear news from other countries. Jews were not allowed to have gold or silver, so Otto’s father hid their jewelry and bought cheap jewelry to turn in to the authorities. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded neighboring Poland. Prague had seen an influx of Jews fleeing German persecution since the Nazi regime took power in 1933. This continued, and many Jews had been forced by the authorities to share their homes with Jews expelled by the Germans from the Sudetenland.

In 1941, Otto married Irma Oplatka, who was born in 1920 in Prague, the daughter of a Jewish fur trader. In September 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, the SS Chief of RSHA, Reich Security Main Office, was made Reich Protector. Jews were required to wear Jewish badges, yellow Stars of David on their outer clothing at all time. This made them easier to identify and control. The badges also prepared them for deportation, and transports of Jews to concentration camps were soon leaving Prague regularly. December 10, 1941, Otto and wife Irma, with his parents, Jindrich and Irma, and his siblings, Karel and Anna, were sent on transport L to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp, about 40 miles north of Prague. When they arrived, the men were separated from the women. Otto and Jindrich were sent to work in the camp kitchen. They helped prepare the daily watery soup as well as the infrequent large dumplings. Otto also worked as a mechanic. Karel was assigned to a barrack where many members of the Judenrat (Jewish Council) were housed, including his paternal Aunt Helene’s brother, Karel Fischer. The sanitary conditions were terrible, and the barracks were overcrowded and very cold. On October 26, 1942, Otto’s parents and his sister were selected for deportation and his brother Karel volunteered to go with them. On November 30, Otto’s Aunt Helene arrived at Theresienstadt. She told them that earlier that year she had been notified by the police that her husband Richard had committed suicide in prison in May. On September 28, 1944, Otto, Irma, and Helene were deported to Auschwitz concentration camp in German occupied Poland. Before he was sent away, Otto entrusted Karel Fischer with some of his possessions. On January 22, 1945, as the Soviet Army approached the camp, Otto was transferred to Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany, and his papers mark him as a Czech Jewish political prisoner. Otto, 28, died there before liberation of the camp on April 15. Otto’s mother, father, and sister, Jindrich, Irma, and Anna, were killed upon arrival in Auschwitz in October 1942. His wife Irma and Aunt Helene were killed upon arrival at Auschwitz in September 1944. His brother Karel had been tattooed, selected for labor, and sent to Buna (Monowitz) concentration camp, and later to Mitttelbau-Dora, Buchenwald, and Bergen Belsen, where he was liberated on April 15, 1945. His uncle Karel Fischer was held at Theresienstadt until its liberation in early May 1945.

Karel Fischer was born on September 19, 1889, to Jewish parents, Augusta and Moritz (b. Jan. 8, 1861) Fischer, in Klatovy, then part of Austro-Hungary, now Czech Republic. He had a sister Helene, born on January 2, 1891. As a young man, he served as an officer in the Austrian Army during World War I (1914-1918). At some point, he joined the Czech Legion, a division of the Russian Army, which was fighting against Germany and Austro-Hungary in the war. The legion was formed with the hope of getting support for the establishment of their homelands of Bohemia and Moravia as free states, no longer part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Karel was stationed in Siberia and participated in the occupation of the Trans-Siberian railroad connection. When the Bolshevik revolution caused the collapse of Russia, these troops were stranded in Vladivostok in 1920. They eventually returned to Prague via India. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Prague became part of the new, independent country of Czechoslovakia.

Karel returned to Prague. He was a civil engineer and worked for the Czech Ministry of Transportation. In 1922, his sister Helene married Richard Bruml, born in 1884. Richard was in business with his brother Jindrich. Jindrich's two sons, Karel and Otto, became very close to Karel and considered him their uncle. Karel married Irma on March 20, 1938. In September 1938, Hitler was given permission by the western countries to absorb the Sudetenland border region of Czechoslovakia. In March 1939, Nazi Germany violated the pact and invaded and annexed the Bohemia and Moravia provinces. German allies absorbed other regions and Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. The provinces were governed by a Reich Protector. Jews were banned from Czech society. They were forced out of government positions and most professions. They could not run businesses, or participate in organizations and associations. Karel, who spoke German, was permitted to continue to work because of his specialized expertise and war veteran status. Karel's brother-in-law Richard Bruml was secretary of the Social Democratic Party in Pilsen. He was arrested and jailed as a political prisoner at Schloss Nr. in Rottenburg am Neckar. In September 1939, Germany invaded neighboring Poland. In September 1941, Jews were required to wear Star of David badges to mark them as outcasts from society. In late September 1941, Heydrich, the SS head of RSHA, Reich Main Security Office, was made Reich Protector. As part of his preparations to permanently solve the Jewish problem, he ordered the establishment of a prison complex, Theresienstadt, the German name for Terezin, about 40 miles north of Prague. Because of Fischer's railroad and transportation expertise, an order was sent on November 28, 1941, to the Jewish Community Council requiring Fischer to appear for an official mission at the camp. Karel, accompanied by his wife Irma and mother Augusta were transported with household belongings on AK1 transport train to Terezin. Karel was ordered to build a rail spur from Bauschowitz (Bohusovice) to Terezin. The early transports had to walk from Bohusovice to Terezin, and extension spurs were needed for efficiency. He was later in charge of all the road and rail construction in the camp, including building spurs for the transports for Auschwitz. On December 10, 1941, his brother-in-laws brother and his family, Jindrich and Irma Bruml, and their children, Karel, Anna, and Otto and his wife Irma, arrived in Theresienstadt. Karel Bruml was housed in Karel Fischer's barrack, and the elder man got Karel a job, first with the ghetto police and then with the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel Bruml and his family were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. On November 30, 1942, Karel Fischer's father Moritz and sister Helena arrived from Klatovy on transport Ce. 372. Helene had been notified in May 1942 that her husband, Richard Bruml, had committed suicide in prison. After she paid the bill for his cremation, his ashes were returned. When friends and relatives were deported from Terezin, they often left their personal belongings with Karel. He was well liked by his staff and other inmates in Terezin. For one of his anniversaries, the staff had a caricature made of Karel by an inmate, Leo Haas. Other inmates, such as Peter Kien, also gave him items expressing their gratitude for some favor Karel had done for them. His position did come with some privileges. Karel, his wife, and her mother were able to have their own room, and he got extra rations for his parents and sister. His father died on April 30, 1944. Fischer requested that his sister's deportation be delayed, but on October 23, 1944, she was deported to Auschwitz and killed. Fischer, his wife and mother were still at the camp when it was liberated in early May 1945. He returned to Prague, and learned that his other family members were killed. Karel Bruml returned to Prague, having survived Auschwitz-Birkenau, Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna), Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen. Karel returned to work at the transportation ministry until his retirement. Karel Bruml left for America, but returned to visit Karel Fischer, with his wife, Hana, also a Prague native and survivor. Karel's wife Irma passed away in 1972. Karel, 86, died in 1975.

Karel (Charles) Bruml was born on October 5, 1912, to Jindrich and Irma Schindler Bruml in Prague, Czech Republic, Austro-Hungary. Jindrich was born in 1882 in Strazov to Abraham and Anna Steinreich Bruml and had approximately 10 siblings. Jindrich was a businessman and owned several shoe factories. Irma was born in 1885 in Trebenice to Jacob and Anna Getreuer Schindler. Karel had 2 younger siblings: Otto, b.1916, and Anna, b. 1922. Karel’s family was prosperous and employed a maid. They spoke Czech and German. They were Jewish, but did not keep kosher and rarely attended synagogue. Karel attended a Czech school and took art classes at his synagogue and with a private teacher. Karel’s father often partnered with his brother Richard, b.1884, on business deals. Richard was married to Helene Fischer and Karel was very close to her brother Karel Fischer (1889-1975), a railroad engineer and transportation expert, whom he thought of as an uncle. Karel was a draftsman at a design company.
On September 29, 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland border region. On March 15, 1939, Germany invaded Prague and absorbed the Bohemia and Moravia provinces, which were governed by a Reich Protector. Karel’s uncle Richard was secretary of the Pilsen branch of the Czechoslovakian Social Democratic party, and was jailed in Germany as a political prisoner. Several antisemitic regulations were enacted: Jews lost their jobs and property; were banned from areas of the city or shopping at certain times. Karel was fired because he was a Jew and his father’s businesses were confiscated. The family had to turn their radio and valuables over to the authorities. Jews were not allowed to have gold or silver, so Karel’s father hid jewelry and bought cheap jewelry to turn over instead. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded neighboring Poland, and World War II began when Great Britain and France declared war.
In September 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, SS chief of Reich security, became Reich Protector. Jews were required to wear Star of David badges to make them easy to identify. Mass deportations of Jews from Prague began. Karel Fischer was deported in the first transport in late November to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp, 40 miles north of Prague. On December 10, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Otto and Anna, and Otto’s wife, Irma, b.1920, were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel was separated from his family and placed in a barrack with members of the Judenrat (Jewish Council), including Fischer. Fischer was also in charge of transportation and railroad construction for the camp. Fischer arranged for Karel to get a job in the ghetto order police. Karel stood on a street corner and directed the flow of people moving around the camp. Fischer later got Karel a position in the camp technical department. He recorded statistics and made charts and graphs for the German SS camp command. Karel had to report the statistics to the commandant, and sometimes got yelled at or threatened if the statistics were not to his liking. After one report, Karel witnessed 7 men get executed for crimes including writing to a family member and possessing cigarettes. It was a large department and, in their free time, the artists who worked there could secretly do work of their own. The department was headed by Bedrich Fritta and Karel also worked with Leo Haas, Peter Kien, and Jiri Lauscher. Karel’s father and brother worked in the kitchens, preparing the watery soup that was the main food. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and his sister Anna were selected for deportation. Karel tried to convince the camp authorities that his job recording statistics made him indispensable, and thus his family should be allowed to stay in the camp with him. This did not work, so Karel volunteered to be deported with them. They were put on separate cattle cars on a filthy, overcrowded train car. Karel was nominated as the leader of his car. The train never stopped and there was no food. There was a single barrel for a toilet and an elderly man died while using it. When the train arrived at Auschwitz concentration camp in German occupied Poland, Karel had to remove the man’s body. When he returned to the platform, he was unable to find his family.
Karel was given a striped uniform and a new prisoner number, 71061, was tattooed on his forearm. After a week, Karel was sent on a forced march to Auschwitz III – Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. He was given soup when he arrived at the camp, but it tasted so terrible that he couldn’t eat it and gave it to other inmates who told him that it would taste good soon enough. He was placed on a work crew that moved concrete and bricks in 12 hour shifts. Shortly after Karel arrived, several camp guards were looking for someone to draw a birthday card for their commander. Karel found a pencil and paper and drew the card for them. This was a risky thing to do, because if the commander did not like the card, he would be killed. The commander liked the card and, as a reward, Karel was placed on a new work team. He painted numbers on uniforms. This was a very good job, and allowed him to paint a new, lower Buna number, 107310, on his cap. This made it appear as though he had been in the camp a long time and had some authority. He was eventually replaced by a German opera singer. He was given a new job tracking statistics for I.G. Farben, the German company that used camp slave labor to produce rubber. Karel continued painting numbers during the evenings to get extra soup. On January 18, 1945, the camp was evacuated as the Russians closed in. Karel was sent on a 2 day forced march to Gleiwitz, an Auschwitz subcamp. He stuffed rags in his shirt to stay warm. He then was placed on an open-air cattle car to Nordhausen, a Mittelbau-Dora subcamp in Germany. Karel did not get assigned to work right away, so he hid in a haystack for 10 days. When he came out, he was recognized by a capo, who had Karel draw pictures for him. Karel worked with other artists instead of on a construction crew. In March, Karel was placed on a 4 day transport to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. In late March or early April, Karel and a group of friends escaped from the camp through an unlocked door. They went to a farmhouse, where they were given food and a place to sleep. Karel stayed at the farmhouse until British soldiers arrived and told him that he had to return to Bergen-Belsen, which had been liberated by British troops on April 15, 1945.
On May 7, Germany surrendered. Karel worked for UNRRA, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in the camp, but after 3 weeks returned to Prague to look for his family. Karel’s mother, father, and sister, Irma, Jindrich, and Anna, were killed at Auschwitz in late October 1942. His brother, sistein-law, and aunt, Otto, Irma, and Helene Fischer, were deported to Auschwitz in September 1944. Irma and Helene were killed upon arrival. Otto died in 1945 at Buchenwald. Karel’s uncle Richard was reported as having committed suicide in prison in May 1942. Karel Fischer, his wife, and his mother returned to Prague from Theresienstadt. In order to claim his family’s property, Karel had to report them as deceased at a government office. While at the office, Karel met 23 year old Hana Schiff Suk (1922 – 2000), a survivor of Theresienstadt and Kadowa-Sackisch slave labor camp. They decided to go to America and marry. Hana left for New York in May 1946. On August 1946, Karel flew to New York City to join her. They married on December 31, 1946. Karel, now Charles, and Hana moved to Washington, D.C. in 1947. Charles completed art school and was a commercial artist and art director. Hana earned a doctorate and was a clinical psychologist. The couple often returned to Prague to visit friends and family. Charles, 85, passed away on March 22, 1998, in Arlington, Virginia.

Hana Müller (Mueller; later Bruml) was born May 30, 1922, to Richard and Hedvika Zappner Müller in Prague, Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic). Her father was born in 1885 in Chocen, Czech Republic, Austro-Hungary, to Emanuel and Antonia Müller. Richard was a tinsmith and owned a workshop. Her mother was born April 17, 1891, in Prague, to Isidor and Marie Heller Zappner, and had one sister, Gizela, born 1888. Hana’s maternal grandparents, Isidor and Marie (b.1856), lived with her family in the Jewish quarter; Isador died in 1925. The family was prosperous and employed a maid. They spoke Czech and German. Hana attended a Zionist school, then a Czech school. She attended business school for a year and worked as a typist.
From 1933, when the Nazi regime came to power in Germany, Prague saw a large influx of Jews fleeing persecution. In September 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland border region. In March 1939, Germany annexed the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, which included Prague, which were governed by a Reich Protector. Other regions were absorbed by German allies and Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. Jews lost their jobs and their property. Hana’s father’s workshop was confiscated. He could not find work and it was difficult to get enough food. Hana tried to leave, but could not get a US visa or German passport. On September 1, Germany invaded neighboring Poland. Jewish men could be conscripted for forced labor at any time. On November 14, 1939, Hana married Rudolf Schiff, b.1919, at City Hall. They got their own room when one of the families boarded at Rudolf’s parent's home was relocated. Hana began working for the Palestine Office, which facilitated emigration to Mandate Palestine.

In September 1941, Heydrich, SS Chief of RSHA, became Reich Protector, and prioritized the expulsion of Jews to concentration camps. Jews were required to wear a yellow Star of David badge at all times to make them easy to identify. Transports were announced daily in the papers. Rudolf and Hana learned that the transports were going to a camp in Terezin, Theresienstadt in German, about 40 miles north of Prague. Rudolf contracted scarlet fever and was hospitalized for several months. On July 20, 1942, Hana’s parents, Richard and Hedvika, and her grandmother Marie were sent to Theresienstadt. On August 10, 1942, Rudolf and Hana received transport notices. At the train station, they were assigned prisoner numbers, 984 and 1101, and taken to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Her parents told Hana that her grandmother Marie had died on August 3, and was buried in a mass grave. Rudolf was still sickly and was not assigned to work. Hana was well-connected and knew the nickname of the head of the labor department and used this information to get assigned as a nurse at the camp hospital. Men and women were housed apart and Hana lived with 8 nurses near the hospital. Rations were watery soup, and twice a week, a dumpling. Hana traded her wedding ring for extra bread and at times bought food on the black market. She worked 12 hour shifts, 6 nights a week, assisting the 4 doctors, cleaning the hospital and patients, and administering the small quantity of poor quality medicine. She was often charged with caring for the elderly and the terminally ill. The overcrowding, lack of food, and poor sanitary conditons in the camp aided the spread of disease and thousands died every month. Hana was given small, hard, pieces of caked soap that did not clean well, but it was all she had for herself, her clothing, and often, for the hospital. She became an infectious disease nurse, and received extra food and occasional access to a bathtub. She visited Richard, whose health had worsened, when she could and gave him much of her extra food. Their marriage was strained and eventually she told him she considered it over. On October 8, 1942, Hana’s parents, Richard and Hedvika, were deported east. In late 1942, several members of Hana’s extended family arrived, including her cousins Jiri and Irma Lauscher and their daughter Michaela, age 5. Several family members were deported east soon after arrival. Hana developed a relationship with a Jewish Czech doctor, Bruno Mandl (b.1912), and they planned to marry after the war.

On July 5, 1943, Rudolf’s parents, Richard and Marta, arrived at the camp, and his brother Karel on September 11. On December 15, 1943, Rudolf, Richard, Marta, and Karel were deported to Auschwitz. On October 1, 1944, Bruno was deported and Hana volunteered to go with him. They were put on a dirty, overcrowded train to Auschwitz in German occupied Poland. As they neared the camp, the inmates told new arrivals to throw their belongings to them over the fences. A female prisoner did so, and was shot by a guard. She was the first person Hana saw killed in a camp. The new arrivals were directed to go left or right by a man wearing white gloves. Bruno was sent right. Hana asked to go with him and was shoved left. She was directed to a room and ordered to undress and line up to see if she was pregnant. Her hair was shaved and she had to take a cold shower. While she was showering, someone stole her last possession, a pair of warm boots. She was issued a filthy striped uniform and wooden clogs. She shared a pallet and a blanket with 4 other women in her barrack. Later that month, a man came to the barracks and chose Hana and 3 of her friends for labor. The women were given new uniforms and transported to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp, a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Poland. Hana was placed in an unheated barrack run by a cruel Sudeten German woman. Rations were small and they gave themselves hope by talking of the food they would make if they could. The factory was on the other side of the town and the walk was so cold that Hana turned a sock into gloves that she shared with her friends from Auschwitz. She worked on a manufacturing line in a Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke factory where she made airplane parts, alongside Italian and Soviet prisoners of war and some German soldiers that were being punished. Hana worked in 12 hour shifts with female SS guards. The poor quality materials often broke and Hana would be blamed. She spent her long shifts worrying that she would not survive. In April 1945, the factory ran out of raw material and work was halted.

On May 5, 1945, the guards opened the camp gates and released the prisoners. Hana walked to the nearby Czech town of Nachod, where she was received warmly by the townspeople. On May 7, Germany surrendered. On May 8, Hana returned to Prague to look for her family. Hana’s mother and father, Hedvika and Richard, had been murdered at Treblinka killing center in 1942. Several family members, including her aunt Gizela and her husband and children, were killed upon arrival in Auschwitz in October 1942. Hana’s husband Rudolf and his family were killed upon arrival in December 1943. Her fiance Bruno had been killed when they arrived in Auschwitz in 1944. Her cousins, the Lauschers, returned to Prague from Theresienstadt. Hana changed her surname from Schiff to Suk. In order to claim her family’s property, Hana had to go to a government office to report them as deceased. While there, she met 33 year old Karel Bruml, born in Prague, who had survived Theresienstadt and several concentration camps. They planned to go to America and marry. In May 1946, Hana sailed to the US and went to live in New York City with a relative. In August, Karel arrived. On December 31, 1946, Hana and Karel, now Charles, married at City Hall. In 1947, the couple moved to Washington, D.C. Hana received a doctorate in clinical psychology and began a long, successful career. Charles was a commercial artist. The couple often returned to Prague to visit friends and family. Charles, 85, passed away on March 22, 1998, in Arlington, Virginia. Hana,78, passed away on August 7, 2000, in Arlington.