Overview
- Interview Summary
- Zofia Smorug, born in 1923 in Szczurowa, Poland, describes her education and work in Tarnów, Poland; the prewar Jewish community of Tarnów; the cruel actions of the German soldiers towards the Jewish community; roundups of Jews by German soldiers; the deportation of Jews to the ghetto; actions taken by local townspeople to assist the Jewish community; the liquidation of the ghetto; a Jewish woman who survivied by hiding with a family in a village; and her forced labor for Organization Todt in 1944.
- Interviewee
- Zofia Smorug
- Date
-
interview:
1999 July 14
- Credit Line
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, courtesy of the Jeff and Toby Herr Foundation
Physical Details
- Language
- Polish
- Extent
-
1 videocasette (Betacam SP).
Rights & Restrictions
- Conditions on Access
- There are no known restrictions on access to this material.
- Conditions on Use
- No restrictions on use
Keywords & Subjects
- Topical Term
- World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Polish. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Poland. World War, 1939-1945--Atrocities--Poland. Jews--Persecutions--Poland. Jewish ghettos--Poland. Hiding places--Poland. Mass murder--Poland. Mass burials--Poland. Forced labor--Poland. World War, 1939-1945--Deportations from Poland. Women--Personal narratives.
- Geographic Name
- Poland. Szczurowa (Poland) Tarnów (Województwo Malopolskie, Poland) Germany--Armed Forces. Poland--History--Occupation, 1939-1945. Poland--History--1918-1945.
- Personal Name
- Smorug, Zofia.
- Corporate Name
- Organisation Todt (Germany)
Administrative Notes
- Holder of Originals
-
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
- Legal Status
- Permanent Collection
- Provenance
- This is a witness interview of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Perpetrators, Collaborators, and Witnesses: The Jeff and Toby Herr Testimony Initiative, a multi-year project to record the testimonies of non-Jewish witnesses to the Holocaust. The interview was directed and supervised by Nathan Beyrak.
- Funding Note
- The production of this interview was made possible by Jeff and Toby Herr.
The cataloging of this oral history interview has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany. - Special Collection
-
The Jeff and Toby Herr Oral History Archive
- Record last modified:
- 2023-11-16 08:54:22
- This page:
- http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn510430
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Oral History
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Oral History
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Oral History
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Wladyslawa Polak, born in Tarnów, Poland in 1932, discusses the killing of a Jewish child whose father was forced to clean the ghetto.
Oral history interview with Wanda Wróblewska-Skladzień
Oral History
Wanda Wróblewska-Sklawdzień, born in Zloczów, Poland (Zolochiv, Ukraine) in 1919, discusses being active in the Home Army (Armia Krajowa); hiding a Jewish actress; and the relations some Jewish women had with German officers.
Oral history interview with Jan Preiss
Oral History
Jan Preiss, born in Brzesko, Poland in 1922, discusses moving to Tarnów, Poland in 1940; the killing of a Jewish child; and his father’s death in German camps.
Oral history interview with Zygmunt Sikora
Oral History
Zygmunt Sikora, born in Poznań, Poland in 1922, discusses working in Kielce, Poland as a photographer with Jewish employees; the German takeover of the shop; taking photos of executions; fleeing to Kraków, Poland; being sent to Auschwitz in 1943; witnessing a boxing match in Auschwitz; witnessing the gassing of Jews; his transfer to Buchenwald and other camps; his liberation; returning to Kielce; witnessing a pogrom in 1946; and protecting his Jewish employee.
Oral history interview with Bolesław Siporski
Oral History
Bolesław Siporski, born near Warsaw, Poland in 1921, discusses working as a train operator; the liquidation of the Ostrowiec ghetto; driving trains to Auschwitz in 1943; the violence of roundups; and witnessing selections at Birkenau.
Oral history interview with Genowefa Podgajniak
Oral History
Genofewa Podajniak, born in Kurzeszyn, Poland in 1928, discusses witnessing the town’s Jewish community being forcibly marched to a ghetto in a nearby town and witnessing a mass killing.
Oral history interview with Krystyna Borkiewicz
Oral History
Krystyna Borkiewicz, born in Warsaw, Poland in 1928, discusses the killing of a Jewish boy who was shot by a German soldier in Warsaw.
Oral history interview with Wacław Gryczka
Oral History
Wacław Gryczka, born in Łączany, Poland in 1929, discusses historical politics and his feelings about a Jesus’ Jewish upbringing.
Oral history interview with Tadeusz Hajnrych
Oral History
Tadeusz Hajnrych, born in Lublin, Poland in 1931, discusses prewar relations between Jews and Christians; life in Kurów, Poland during the war; the outbreak of war; restrictions placed on the Jewish community; the terror caused by the German forces; witnessing the Jewish community’s deportation to Majdanek in 1944; hearing about Jews in hiding; the tearing down of a synagogue by the Germans; the headquarters of the People’s Army (Armia Ludowa) in Kurów; German forces' attempts to control the community through public hangings; fighting between General Vlasov’s army and the Germans; and postwar relations between Jews and Christians.
Oral history interview with Marian Pietrzak
Oral History
Marian Pietrzak, born in Siedlce, Poland in 1932, discusses living in Sokolów, Poland during the war; the establishment of a ghetto; being issued a pass to go into the ghetto; hunger in the ghetto; education in the ghetto; his father’s efforts to provide information to the ghetto's residents about killing centers; the Jewish community of Sokolów being forced to build Treblinka; their murder; the role of German, Ukrainian, and Polish police in the ghetto’s liquidation; German efforts to fill Jewish houses, the auction Jewish property, and destruction of the Jewish cemetery; and postwar relations between Jews and Christians.
Oral history interview with Edward Domański
Oral History
Edward Domański, born in Kosów (Morów), Poland in 1917, discusses actions to humiliate the Jewish community; anti-Jewish violence; being forced to participate in a mass beheading of 20 Jewish people; witnessing the liquidation of the Jewish hospital; residents going into hiding; fear in the community; and the forced march of the Jewish community to Treblinka after the ghetto was closed.
Oral history interview with Czesław Sikorski
Oral History
Czesław Sikorski, born in Bielany-Jarosławy, Poland in 1921, discusses working at a railway station as a train dispatcher in Sokolów Podlaski, Poland; the ghetto in Sokolów; witnessing transports to Treblinka passing through the station; providing water to the transports; the German, Ukrainian, Latvian, and Lithuanian guards on the train; witnessing attempted escapes; witnessing the loading of trains; punishments given out by German forces for hiding or warning Jewish transports about their fate; the Germans who were responsible for maintaining the track to Treblinka; the management of the Treblinka train station; working in Treblinka in 1944; and the destruction of the camp.
Oral history interview with Stanisław Kowalczyk
Oral History
Stanisław Kowalczyk, born in Siedlce, Poland in 1932, discusses the location of Siedlce’s ghetto; the burning of the synagogue by German forces in 1939; the roundup of the Jewish community by Latvian or Lithuanian forces; and witnessing a column of Jewish men, women, and children being taken for deportation.
Oral history interview with Jan Michalak
Oral History
Jan Michalak, born on July 26, 1919 in Siedlce, Poland, describes seeing Jews being forced to carry heavy logs (telephone posts) and beaten; Jews being forced to wear the Star of David patch; the burning of the synagogue; liquidation of the ghetto; seeing the German officer Fabish pointing out Jews to be shot by the Latvian guards; witnessing the massacre of Jews who were converts to Christianity at the Jewish cemetery; joining the Polish Workers Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza; PPR) and travelling to Warsaw, Poland to bring underground pamphlets to Siedlce and Kaluszyn; driving Julian Grobelny, who was the leader of the żegota (an organization for helping Jews); and other organizations involved in the resistance.
Oral history interview with Bogdan Osiński
Oral History
Bogdan Osiński, born in Siedlce, Poland in 1927, discusses anti-Jewish violence that took place during the war; the roundup of Jews in the Siedlce ghetto; witnessing a transport of Jews being taken to Treblinka; local villagers burying the bodies of victims who were shot along the way; the Latvian, Ukrainian, and German guards; his father’s involvement in hiding Jews; being honored as Righteous Among the Nations; the code of silence after the war regarding local collaboration; and the inclination of people who were awarded Righteous Among the Nations to keep quiet about their wartime experiences.
Oral history interview with Antoni Tomczuk
Oral History
Antonin Tomczyk, born in Sanów, Poland in 1923, discusses being arrested in retaliation for the theft of property from German forces; being taken to work in Treblinka; the German and Ukrainian guards at the camp; the camp’s physical description, including its size and the number of barracks; the breakdown of work in the camp between simple labor for Poles and specialized craft work for Jews; the Jewish men, women, and children in the camp; meeting Jewish prisoners from his hometown; working in Treblinka’s stable; the small German force that ran the camp with Ukrainian help; relations among the prisoners in the camp; being allowed to choose a wife from among the last transport of Jewish people from the Warsaw Ghetto; the gassing process; the burning of bodies; the Treblinka Uprising; changes in how the camp was run after the uprising; escapes; and his release from the camp.
Oral history interview with Henryka Kuzak
Oral History
Kuzak, Helena, born June 15, 1928 in Wegrów, Poland, describes her experiences as a non-Jewish witness during the war in Poland; her Jewish classmate, Cholandówna, who may have survived the war in Italy; her Jewish neighbor Szatensztajn, who was a member of the city council; her Jewish neighbors Klain, Biderman, and Szlamina Dyśkowa; her young Jewish friend Smola, who she saw in the march during the liquidation of the ghetto; Zosia, a Jewish girl saved by Mrs. Ruszkowska; Mrs. Piątkowska, who was killed by the Germans for hiding a Jewish family in a bunker (the Jewish family in hiding was also killed); Neuman, who was the German commander in Wegrow; being present during the liquidation of the ghetto and witnessing an elderly Jew being shot for walking too slow and seeing a German soldier bayonet a small Jewish child; how after the liquidation of the ghetto the Germans lured Jews who escaped during the liquidation to return to town with the promise of work and mostly young Jews returned; another liquidation in the summer of 1943 when the Germans attempted to remove Jews who lived in one building and the Jews resisted, using weapons and grenades; and the burning of the building and the murder of everyone still inside.
Oral history interview with Helena Nesterowicz
Oral History
Helena Nesterowicz, born in Orla, Poland in 1910, discusses prewar ethnic relations between Poles, Belorusians, and Jews; working for a rabbi prior to the war; the Soviet occupation; Jews being granted equal rights under the Soviets; the German invasion; violence; the creation of a ghetto; being shown where the rabbi’s family buried their property; looting by local villagers; the roundup of the Jewish community by German forces; her brothers’ attempts to hide two Jewish men; her belief that locals only participated because of coercion; the return of one Jewish man at the end of the war; and fleeing at the end of the war as the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) approached.
Oral history interview with Ksienia Jakimowicz
Oral History
Ksienia Jakimowicz, born in Orla, Poland in 1908, discusses working for Jewish families before the war; her good relationships with her employers; learning Yiddish; prewar relations between Belarusians and Jews; the arrival of German forces; the creation of a ghetto; local coachmen being forced to take Jewish prisoners to be deported to Auschwitz; and postwar relations between Poles and Jews.
Oral history interview with Borys Russko
Oral History
Borys Russko, born in Podolany near Bialowieża, Poland in 1929, discusses the prewar relations among Poles, Belorusians, Russians, and Jews; his childhood Jewish friends; the German invasion; restrictions imposed on the entire community; harsh punishments for breaking the law; restrictions on the Jewish community; hearing gunfire from a mass killing; public hangings; not knowing what happened to his Jewish friends; the atmosphere of fear; the demolition of the synagogue in 1960; and his feelings that the Jews of his town had been ripped from the community.
Oral history interview with Olga Szurkowska
Oral History
Olga Szurkowska, born in Białowieża, Poland in 1931, discusses attending an ethnically mixed school; ethnic relations in her village; the Russian occupation; the creation of separate Polish and Russian schools; the arrival of German forces; changes in the town under the German occupation; German forces stealing Jewish belongings; and public hangings.
Oral history interview with Halina Błaszczyk
Oral History
Halina Błaszczyk, born in Izbica, Poland in 1929, discusses prewar relations between Jews and Christians; living in a Jewish neighborhood; the Soviet occupation; the Jewish community’s fear of the Germans; the arrival of German forces; restrictions imposed on the Jewish community; the creation of a Jewish Council; Kurt Engels, the head of the SS in Izbica; the role of Ukrainians and Polish blue police in roundups; the establishment of the ghetto; living within the ghetto; hunger in the ghetto; the killing of two women who attempted to escape; conversing with transports of foreign Jews; the imprisonment of Izbica’s Jewish community in a theater; hiding a Jewish boy; the sale of Jewish houses after the war; Engel’s fate after the war; and visiting in Tel Aviv, Israel the young man she helped save.
Oral history interview with Karol Błotiak
Oral History
Karol Błotiak, born in Wysokie, Poland in 1911, discusses prewar relations between Jews and Christians; the arrival of German forces; the escape of some locals to the Soviet Union; the murders of Jews; German, Ukrainian, and Polish forces; joining the Home Army (Armia Krajowa); working with other partisan groups; actions by the partisans; his aunt’s role in hiding a Jewish man; the return of Soviet forces; and ethnic tensions at the end of the war.
Oral history interview with Stanisław Wątróbka
Oral History
Stanisław Wątróbka, born in Drobin, Poland in 1922, discusses the evacuation of the Jewish community and the torture and killing of a Polish peasant who hid a Jewish man.
Oral history interview with Józef Głowala
Oral History
Józef Głowala, born in Żurawie, Poland in 1912, discusses his conscription into the army; battles; being wounded, hospitalized, and sent home; working for a German-owned sawmill in Turobin, Poland during the war; joining the Home Army (Armia Krajowa); the deportation of the Jewish community; witnessing the murder of a Jewish man in a wheelchair; the role of the Jewish Council; the roundup and ghettoization of Żurawie’s Jewish community in Izbica, Poland; mass killings; partisan activities; and buying a house form a Jewish survivor after the war.
Oral history interview with Jan Waga
Oral History
Jan Waga, born in Turbin (Turobin), Poland in 1916, discusses prewar relations with the Jewish community; the local priest who hid Jewish people; his correspondence after the war with a Jewish friend; a mass killing; and violence against the Jewish community after the war.
Oral history interview with Eugeniusz Nózka
Oral History
Eugeniusz Nózka, born in 1927 in Pilaszkowice, Poland, describes the prewar Jewish community of Pilaszkowice; the deportation of the local Jewish community in 1940 by German and Ukrainian forces to the ghetto in Piaski; his work in Piaski in 1943; transporting Jews from other countries to the ghetto; details of the mass shooting of Jews by German and Ukrainian forces; and the capture of a Jewish family he was attempting to help.
Oral history interview with Stanisław Mrezek
Oral History
Stanisław Mrezek, born in 1915 in Zamostek, Poland, describes the prewar Jewish community of the nearby village of Gorzkow, Poland; being drafted into the the Polish Army at the beginning of the war; his capture by German forces and transfer to Minsk Mazowiecki, Poland; beatings of Jews by SS soldiers; his release from the prisoner of war camp and return to Zamostek; joining the Underground Army and training young partisans; the treatment of the Jews in the ghetto by German SS members; his participation in transporting a group of Jews to Krasnystaw, Poland; and the support of Jews for the Soviet forces.
Oral history interview with Mikhalina Warzołek
Oral History
Mikhalina Warzołek, born in 1920 in Szebnie, Poland, describes the prewar community of Szebnie; the beginning of the war; the prisoner of war camp for Soviet soldiers; witnessing a Ukrainian soldier shoot a woman for bringing food to a Polish prisoner; the construction of a concentration camp on her family farm, including the compensation given to her family by German forces; the liquidation of the Jews in the concentration camp; taking items from the dead; and her knowledge of Jews who survived the Szebnie concentration camp.
Oral history interview with Danuta Osikowicz
Oral History
Danuta Osikowicz, born in 1931 in Szebnia, Poland, describes her family; moving to Pochorce in 1939 to escape the German occupation; the prewar Jewish community of Pochorce; life under Soviet occupation; returning to Szebnia in 1941; her uncle's work in aiding Jews; her uncle's murder by German forces at Majdanek concentration camp; the conditions of Szebnie concentration camp, including the treatment of the prisoners by German forces; an SS soldier who lived in her house; the soldiers aid to concentration camp prisoners; details of the mass murder of Jews by Ukrainian and German soldiers; the transfer of prisoners in the concentration camp to Płaszów; and the looting of Jewish owned belongings by local townspeople.
Oral history interview with Stanislaw Kraus
Oral History
Stanislaw Kraus, born in 1916 in Szebnie, Poland, describes a Jewish man who moved to Szebnie before the war, went into hiding during the war, and survived the Holocaust; the deportation of the Jewish community of Jaslo to the Szebnie concentration camp; his role in the transportation of Jewish owned belongings to the Szebnie concentration camp; his membership in the Polish Home Army and their actions during the war; and his participation in the transport of corpses away from the concentration camp.
Oral history interview with Wladislaw Rozpara
Oral History
Oral history interview with Anna Nowak
Oral History
Anna Nowak (née Gniaż), born on June 24, 1919 in Szebnie, Poland, discusses her experiences during WWII around Szebnie; living on the estate owned by the Gorayski family; being 20 years old when the war began; the manor house on the estate becoming a boarding house for German officers and SS-men who administered the nearby Szebnie concentration camp; the boarding house, which was used by successive commandants of the camp, including Anton Scheidt and Hans Kellermann, for debaucheries and parties; her acquaintances with the Jewish, Polish, and German women “domestics” (many of whom may have been treated as sex workers) who attended to these parties; her work at the house, attending to the guests and cleaning up the mess after them; the camp inmates who were brought in after the parties to do repairs on the house; the day-to-day cleaning of the apartments being delegated to a number of Jewish and non-Jewish domestics; details on some of the domestics, some of whom had sexual relationships with the officers; her memories of one of the camp’s Kapos Mr. Folkman, who was a German Jew and was given a lot of freedom by Commandant Kellerman; some of the camp commandants and other functionaries being arrested by the Reich for embezzlement and for enriching themselves from wealth stolen from the Jewish camp prisoners; and hiding a Jewish orderly named Adolf Wolfgang for a month in her attic to prevent him from being sent to Dobrucowa Forest to be executed.
Oral history interview with Marian Gargaś
Oral History
Oral history interview with Stanislawa Paciorek
Oral History
Stanislawa Paciorek, born in 1917 in Szymanów, Poland, describes her childhood and education; joining the Monastery of the Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception in 1939; her time in the monastary during the war; the role of another Sister in rescuing Jewish children living at the monastery; feeding Jewish children from the Warsaw ghetto; hiding adult Jews in the monastery; the treatment of the monastery by Nazi authorities; and her contact with the hidden children after the war.
Oral history interview with Maria Medwit
Oral History
Maria Medwit, born in 1909 in Przemyśl, Poland, describes the prewar community of Przemyśl; life under Soviet occupation; life under German occupation; securing the release of her brother who had been arrested; witnessing a local policeman murder a Jewish man; the ghetto in Przemyśl; sheltering a Jewish child for a period of time during the war; her neighbor hiding a Jewish family; the liquidation of the Przemyśl ghetto, including the looting of Jewish owned belongings by local townspeople; the sight of carts filled with corpses; her postwar contact with the Jewish girl she hid during the war; and a medal her family received for hiding a Jewish child.
Oral history interview with Apoloniusz Czyński
Oral History
Apoloniusz Czyński, born in 1919 in Przemyśl, Poland, describes life under Soviet occupation from 1939 to 1941 and the treatment of the Jewish community during the war.
Oral history interview with Władislaw Serwin
Oral History
Władislaw Serwin, born in 1933 in Tarnów, Poland, describes the prewar Jewish community of Tarnów; the burning of the local synagogue by German military; restrictions placed upon the Jewish community during German occupation; the local Jewish ghetto; and witnessing the mass murder of the local Jewish community.
Oral history interview with Eugeniusz Łabno
Oral History
Eugeniusz Łabno, born in 1922 in Skrzyszow, Poland, describes the prewar Jewish community of Skrzyszow; cruelties committed by Gestapo and SS forces towards the Jewish community in Tarnów and the surrounding areas; his recruitment in 1942 to a group that assisted German forces in the disposal of the dead; details of a mass shooting of Jews; and the looting of the corpses by local townspeople.
Oral history interview with Stanisława Gałek
Oral History
Stanisława Gałek, born in Tarnów, Poland, describes the prewar Jewish community of Tarnów; the beginning of the war; the local Jewish ghetto; the actions of local townspeople to assist the Jewish community; the deportation of the Jewish community in 1942; details of a mass shooting of Jews by German soldiers; recording her memories after the war in a diary; and her memories of Holocaust survivors she encountered after the war.
Oral history interview with Stanisław Zaparty
Oral History
Stanisław Zaparty, born in 1923 in Poland, describes the Jewish ghetto in Opole, Poland formed in 1942; the deportation of Jews from the ghetto to Poniatowa for execution; witnessing the murder of several Jews by a German policeman; and a Jewish partisan group.
Oral history interview with Zofia Krusińska
Oral History
Zofia Krusińska, born in 1910 in Boryslaw, Poland, describes living with her uncle in Krosno, Poland after the death of her parents; her involvement in the Polish Home Army; her arrest in Krosno by the Gestapo in 1942; her interrogation by the Gestapo and imprisonment in Szebnie concentration camp; the cruel treatment of the prisoners and conditions in the concentration camp; a performance by Jewish actors in the camp; the escape of a Jewish prisoner from the camp; mass shootings of Jewish inmates; and meeting after the war the Jewish man who escaped the concentration camp.
Oral history interview with Błazej Jaczyński
Oral History
Błazej Jaczyński, born in 1924 in Wlesna, Poland, describes life under the occupation by Soviet and then German forces; the arrest, trial, and release of his father in 1939; the treatment of the Jewish community under German occupation; the formation of the Wlesna ghetto in 1942; Polish volksdeutsche who assisted German forces; the mass shooting of the Jewish community; the looting and destruction of Jewish homes and belongings; a Polish blacksmith who saved a Jewish man; and helping a young Polish boy and his uncle escape from Majdanek concentration camp.
Oral history interview with Marianna Potręć
Oral History
Marianna Potręć, born in 1934 in Chrzanów, Poland, describes the prewar Jewish community of Chrzanów; the Jewish family that rented a house from her grandfather; local Jews who went into hiding during the war; local townspeople who turned in Jews in hiding; the murder of local Jews by German soldiers; and the fear of retribution for hiding or helping Jews during the war.
Oral history interview with Edward Domański
Oral History
Edward Domański, born in 1923 in Siedliszcze, Poland, describes the prewar community of Siedliszcze; his forced labor in Dusseldorf; returning to Siedliszcze and hiding for the remainder of the war; the cruel treatment of the Jewish community by German soldiers; the Siedliszcze ghetto; the liquidation of the ghetto, including the deportation of the Jews to the death camp Sobibor; the looting of Jewish owned homes and belongings; the sight of mass graves at Majdanek concentration camp; actions taken by local townspeople to assist Jews; a Jewish man who escaped the liquidation of the Siedliszcze ghetto and joined the Polish Home Army; and his contact with Holocaust survivors after the war.
Oral history interview with Józef Honig
Oral History
Józef Honig, born in 1918 in Piaski, Poland, describes his involvement with the Zionist movement; life under German occupation; the Piaski ghetto; cooperation between Jews in the ghetto and Polish civilians outside; the liquidation of the ghetto in 1942; his escape from the ghetto in Trawniki and from Belzec concentration camp; joining a Jewish partisan unit; an attack on his partisan unit by the Polish National Armed Forces; and the murder of his father and brother after the war.
Oral history interview with Janina Spasowicz
Oral History
Janina Spasowicz, born in 1923 in Belżec, Poland, describes her brother's forced labor in constructing Belzec concentration camp; her work on her family's farm; watching transports of Jews; the suicide of a Jewish woman who escaped a transport; sleeping in haystacks to avoid roundups by German soldiers; and a train derailment which enabled some Jewish prisoners to escape.
Oral history interview with Aniela Bober
Oral History
Aniela Bober, born in 1925 in Belżec, Poland, describes the arrival of German forces; the construction of Belzec concentration camp; Ukrainian soldiers who occupied her hometown; the looting of Jewish owned clothing; the sight of transports of people; witnessing the escape of prisoners from the transport train; the suicide of a fugitive Jewish woman; local townspeople assisting Jewish fugitives; the treatment of prisoners in the concentration camp; her work during the war; attempting to steal clothing from transport trains; her deportation to Germany for forced labor in 1943; her treatment by German farmers; staying on a military base after liberation; and returning to Poland in 1947.
Oral history interview with Zofia Putkowska
Oral History
Zofia Putkowska, born in 1929 in Belzec, Poland, describes a Jewish family who asked her father to hide their valuables; the construction of Belzec concentration camp; interactions with the local Roma community; transports of Jews to the concentration camp; the process of mass murder within the concentration camp; and Jews who escaped from the transport to the camp.
Oral history interview with Jan Gołąbek
Oral History
Jan Gołąbek, born in 1910 in Kracow, Poland, describes his profession as an engineer; restrictions placed upon the Jewish community during the German occupation; his family hiding a Jewish woman for the duration of the war; his involvement in the Union of Armed Struggle; his arrest by the Gestapo; his imprisonment, torture, and escape; living in hiding for the remainder of the war; a Polish captain who helped organize resistance movements; helping a Jewish woman obtain false documents which allowed her to survive the war; the liberation of Kracow by Soviet forces; and the pogrom in Kracow after the war.
Oral history interview with Kazimierz Albin
Oral History
Kazimierz Albin, born in 1922 in Kracow, Poland, describes his education and his Jewish friends; life under the German occupation, including the treatment of the Jewish community; his arrest while attempting to go to France to join the Polish Army there; his imprisonment and transfer to Auschwitz concentration camp on the first transport to the camp; the transport which consisted mostly of Polish POWs; the conditions and growth of Auschwitz, including details about the installation of gas chambers; early expirements in gassing conducted on Polish POWs; the expansion of the camp to accommodate more transports; visits from German industrialists who demanded more slave labor for their local factories, inlcuing IG Farben; escape attempts from the camp; ethnic Germans (Volksdeutche) who lived in the area and participated in the search for escaped prisoners; his escape from Auschwitz in 1943; the arrest of his mother and sister following his escape; living in hiding in Kracow; his involvement in the Polish resistance movement; and a Jewish gang who collaborated with German forces by informing on Jews who were in hiding.
Oral history interview with Jan Bokus
Oral History
Jan Bokus, born on February 4, 1921 in Warsaw, Poland, discusses the beginning of the war in 1939; attending a vocational school and learned to be a carpenter and electrician during the first two years of the war; his work as an electrician in Dęblin in a German airplane hangar in 1941; an accidental fire at the hangar that resulted in his arrest by the Germans; being released from prison and moving to Wąsosz in hope of crossing the nearby border to Upper Silesia, there he hoped to avoid further German prosecution; the Jewish population from the town of Wąsosz, where his sister and her husband lived; his limited interactions with the Wąsosz Jews and explains that his sister and her husband were sheltering Jews in their attic; leaving the General Government and cross the border to Upper Silesia; being apprehended by the Germans and transported to the Auschwitz concentration camp; the inhumane transport to the camp and the trauma of arriving at the camp; working in the camp as a laborer and then as an electrician; the worse hygiene and living conditions in the women’s camp in Birkenau; seeing female prisoners who were subjected to gynecological experiments; the frequent transports to Auschwitz in 1943 and the construction of new crematoria and burning pits; his memories of the Sonderkommandos, which were responsible for servicing the crematoria; his work installing electricity in crematorium number two; his thoughts on individuals who do not believe that Jews were gassed in Auschwitz; being relocated in 1944 through Sachsenhausen to Buchenwald, where he helped to manufacture airplane parts; the evacuation of the Buchenwald camp and his march to Theresienstadt; suffering from typhoid shortly before liberation; his journey back to Wąsosz; and his work as the president of Polski Związek Byłych Więźniów Obozów Koncentracyjnych (the Association of Former Prisoners of Concentration Camps).
Oral history interview with Maria Zaborowska
Oral History
Oral history interview with Janina Drebnik
Oral History
Janina Drebnik, born in 1930 in Poland, describes life under the Soviet occupation in 1939; raids by Polish policemen to confiscate money and farm animals; life under the German occupation in Warsaw, Poland; witnessing Jewish children begging for food; German soldiers throwing a grenade in her basement; the threat that ten Polish civilian men would be killed for every German soldier killed; the poor treatment of local townspeople by Ukrainian guards; the deportation of her family to Bergen, Germany; and her time in a labor camp near Hanover, Germany, and the conditions there; and the deaths of her father and brother.
Oral history interview with Leon Lendzion
Oral History
Oral history interview with Jacek Makles
Oral History
Oral history interview with Tadeusz Maliszewski
Oral History
Tadeusz Maliszewski, born in 1922 in Łódź, Poland, describes German occupation of Łódź; the establishment of the Jewish ghetto; escaping to Kopalnia, Poland to avoid deportation to Germany; living with a woman who sheltered Jews; the killing of the inhabitants of the house by German Military Police; living in the woods near Szulejowo with a friend; relocating to Warsaw, Poland and obtaining forged documents for himself and his friend; the Warsaw ghetto uprising in 1943; leaving Warsaw and continuing to hide for the remainder of the war; his brief involvement with a fascist Polish group; returning to Łódź after the war; and his postwar work in prosecuting crimes committed by collaborators.
Oral history interview with Henryka Siczek
Oral History
Henryka Siczek, born in 1925 in Kozienice, Poland, describes the prewar Jewish community of Kozienice; the Jewish ghetto in Kozienice; the shooting of a Jewish tailor outside the ghetto when he was fitting a coat for her brother; sneaking into the ghetto to play with her Jewish friend; and the liquidation of the ghetto.
Oral history interview with Hadyslaw Władysław
Oral History
Hadyslaw Władysław, born in 1936 in Kozienice, Poland, describes the Jewish ghetto in Kozienice; Jewish funerals; the liquidation of the ghetto; throwing bread into the crowd and receiving a coat and watches in exchange; and a local townsman who saved two Jews in exchange for payment.
Oral history interview with Witold Rutkowski
Oral History
Oral history interview with Waclaw Długoborski
Oral History
Waclaw Długoborski, born in 1926 in Warsaw, Poland, describes the Warsaw ghetto; his imprisonment in the Pawiak prison; methods used in the prison to identify Jewish men; hearing shooting from the Warsaw ghetto during the uprising; and his experiences in different concentration camps, including the sight of Hungarian Jews walking to gas chambers, the selection of prisoners to be gassed, and staged boxing fights and soccer games.
Oral history interview with Bogdan Mielnik
Oral History
Bogdan Mielnik, born in Telechany, Poland (Telekhany, Belarus) in 1936, discusses prewar ethnic relations between Poles, Russians, Belarusians, Lithuanians, and Jews; growing up in a largely Jewish town; the Soviet occupation; lawlessness between the retreat of the Soviets and the arrival of the Germans; German forces imposing order upon their arrival; restrictions imposed on the Jewish community; ethnic tensions during the German occupation; the roundup of the Jewish community; hearing about a mass killing; the killing and burial process; local villagers who were involved in the killing; the involvement of Hungarian forces; and the looting of mass graves.
Oral history interview with Sabina Maczka
Oral History
Sabina Maczka, born in 1909, discusses the diversity in her town, Turobin, Poland, before the war; several cases of individual murders in 1943; a mass killing; providing food to a Jewish boy in hiding; deportations to Majdanek; the involvement of some Polish policemen in killings; and the destruction of the Jewish cemetery and synagogue.
Oral history interview with Jan Zrodowski
Oral History
Jan Zdrowski, born in Trubin, Poland, discusses prewar relations between Jews and Christians; the creation of a Jewish council; a mass killing of the Jews following the German invasion; the roundup of the rest of the Jewish community; a second mass killing; the burial pits; hiding a Jewish boy; complicated village memories of the Judenrat and its relationship with the Nazi regime, with particular regard to non-Jewish Poles who were likely to aid the Jewish community; and the survival of three Jewish people from Trubin.
Oral history interview with Jadwiga Wojciechowska
Oral History
Jadwiga Wojciechowska, born in Legionowo, Poland in 1921, discusses living near Chelm, Poland during the war; the execution of a Jewish family; and witnessing a column of 500 Jewish men, women, and children being driven by Ukrainian guards to Sobibor extermination camp.
Oral history interview with Józef Krasowski
Oral History
Józef Krasowski, born in Trawniki, Poland in 1925, discusses constructing buildings in the Trawniki labor camp; being forced to transport Czech Jews to Piaski, Poland to be executed; witnessing the liquidation of Trawniki; and the looting of the mass grave after the war.
Oral history interview with Jadwiga Chwil
Oral History
Jadwiga Chwil, born in Wawolnica, Poland in 1931, discusses the creation of a labor camp at Poniatowa; the German and Ukrainian guards at the camp; her family’s involvement in smuggling fake IDs to Jews in the ghetto; the car her family used to transport Jewish escapees out of Poniatowa; witnessing individual murders; hearing gunshots during the liquidation of the camp; and the burning of the victims' corpses.
Oral history interview with Zuzanna Goliszek
Oral History
Zuzanna Goliszek, born in Leśniczówka, Poland near Poniatowa in 1930, discusses visiting family members at the labor camp at Poniatowa; witnessing Jewish forced labor in the camp; the German and Ukrainian guards at the camp; hearing gunshots from the liquidation of the camp; the burning of bodies; the looting of the graves; the murder of individual Jewish prisoners; witnessing the transport of Jewish prisoners to Opole, Poland; and visiting the camp after the war.
Oral history interview with Helena Łyjak
Oral History
Helena Łyjak, born in Wrzelowiec, Poland in 1930, discusses living in Szydlowice, Poland during the war; witnessing transports of Jewish men, women, and children being taken to the railway station; violence committed by the Ukrainian guards; and witnessing German guards beat a group of Jews to death outside her home.
Oral history interview with Stefan Posyniak
Oral History
Stefan Posyniak, born in Janiszow, Poland in 1922, discusses his experiences and observations during the Nazi occupation of Poland; the plunder of Jewish shops in Janiszow; his forced labor for the Germans in different Polish cities, including Janiszow, Rzeszów, and Radom; the actions of German forces to humiliate the Jewish community; Jewish prisoners working in freezing conditions at a labor camp; going to the Radom ghetto to purchase a coat and conditions there; and the presence of some Jews in partisan groups, such as the Narodowe Siły Zbrojne and Ząb.
Oral history interview with Anna Świetlicka
Oral History
Anna Świetlicka (née Lysakowska), born in Piaski, Poland in 1928, discusses prewar relations between Jews and Christians; the outbreak of war; the humiliation of the Jewish community by German forces; witnessing a Jewish woman commit suicide; the creation of the ghetto; the role of the Jewish police in the ghetto; witnessing transports of Jewish men, women, and children being taken for execution in 1943; witnessing foreign Jews being imprisoned in the ghetto; visiting the ghetto after the war; and two Jewish girls who returned to their families after being hidden during the war.
Oral history interview with Jan Winiarski
Oral History
Jan Winiarski, born in Zamość, Poland in 1923, discusses witnessing a transport of Jewish men, women, and children led by Poles and Germans; the dead bodies that lined the road; the execution of a Jewish man who tried to escape the line; sexual assault; and living just outside the ghetto.
Oral history interview with Maria Matuszewska
Oral History
Maria Matuszewska, born in Zamość, Poland in 1931, discusses being smuggled into the ghetto to be seen by a Jewish doctor; wearing a Star of David in order to pose as a Jew; daily life in the ghetto; and seeing the ghetto after its liquidation.
Oral history interview with Jerzy Czyźewski
Oral History
Jerzy Czyźewski, born in Warsaw, Poland in 1931, discusses living on Zelażna Street overlooking the small ghetto; smuggling food into the ghetto; wearing a Star of David armband in the ghetto; bribing guards; hunger and violence in the ghetto; the liquidation of the ghetto; suicides during the ghetto’s liquidation; the killing of a Jewish man who tried to escape the ghetto; reflections on his behavior towards Jews as a child; the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; being wounded during the Warsaw Uprising; and his parents’ deportation to concentration camps after the Warsaw Uprising.
Oral history interview with Roman Nosek
Oral History
Roman Nosek, born in Rzuchowa, Poland in 1922, discusses being chosen by German forces to participate in the execution of Tarnow’s Jews; details of the killing process; witnessing a woman’s escape from the killing site; and burying victims' bodies.
Oral history interview with Julia Wiśniowska
Oral History
Julia Wiśniowska, born in Mościce, Poland (near Tarnów, Poland) in 1929, discusses the arrival of German forces and events in Tarnów during the war; looting by German soldiers; the town's ghetto; witnessing the murder of a Jewish infant; witnessing a mass killing; and efforts by local villagers to clear the Jewish cemetery after the war and build a monument.
Oral history interview with Maria Świercezk
Oral History
Maria Świercezk, born in Jodlowa, Poland in 1928, discusses prewar relations between Jews and Christians; witnessing the humiliation of Jewish villagers by German forces; witnessing a mass killing; her encounters with Jews in hiding; her family’s efforts to hide a Jewish family; their daily life in hiding; and continuing to communicate with the family after the war.
Oral history interview with Józef Gofron
Oral History
Józef Gofron, born in Szczurowa, Poland in 1924, discusses prewar ethnic relations; witnessing the murder of 20-30 Romani by Tarnow’s local police chief; attempts by Jews to hide; the creation of a ghetto; and a nearby roundup of Jews led by local firemen.
Oral history interview with Tadeusz Chmielewski
Oral History
Tadeusz Chmielewski, born in Pińczów, Poland in 1925, discusses witnessing a transport of Jews from Pińczów, Busko, and Wislica on its way to the railway station and the violence by Ukrainian and German guards.
Oral history interview with Jan Dubaj
Oral History
Jan Dubaj, born in Dzierążń (Dzierążnia), Poland in 1928, discusses prewar relations between Jews and Christians; witnessing a convoy of Jews being taken to the railway station; violence and murder during the deportation; the murder of a Jewish boy by a local townsperson; the Kielce program; and his role hiding a Jewish person.
Oral history interview with Anna Dubaj
Oral History
Anna Dubaj, born in Pińczów, Poland in 1931, discusses witnessing a convoy of Jews being taken to a railway station and the murder of an elderly Jewish woman.
Oral history interview with Teresa Znojek
Oral History
Teresa Znojek, born near Kielce, Poland in 1927, discusses living in a Jewish neighborhood in Działoszyce, Poland during the war; Jewish life during the early occupation; watching the Jewish community be marched to the square; hearing gunshots from a mass killing; and some members of the Jewish community who survived the war in hiding.
Oral history interview with Miron Jaźwiński
Oral History
Miron Jaźwiński, born in Maków Mazowiecki, Poland in 1928, discusses the humiliation of the Jewish community by German forces upon their arrival; public hangings; the liquidation of the ghetto; and anti-Jewish violence by local police.
Oral history interview with Zofia Kuzniak
Oral History
Zofia Kuźniak, born in 1927, discussing prewar relations between Jews and Christians; being evacuated to Wodzisław, Poland when the war began; living with a Jewish family until they were deported; increasing restrictions placed on the Jewish community; organized raids by German forces; violence and killing in the streets; a mass killing in the cemetery; the roundup of the Jewish community; and attempting to help a woman carry her children during their forced march out of town.
Oral history interview with Feliks Karpman
Oral History
Feliks Karpman, born in Góra Kalwaria, Poland in 1926, discusses living in ghettos in Gora Kalwaria and Otwock; being sent to a labor camp in Treblinka; escaping; being deported to labor camp at Karczew; joining the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; details of the Uprising; returning to Karczew; escaping Karczew right before the camp’s liquidation; and hiding in Góra Kalwaria until the end of the war.
Oral history interview with Jerzy Vogel
Oral History
Jerzy Vogel, born in Łódź, Poland in 1926, discusses escaping to Warsaw, Poland in 1939; getting a job at a textile factory inside the Warsaw Ghetto; helping smuggle Jews out of the ghetto through the factory; bribing German guards; smuggling weapons and US dollars into the ghetto for the resistance; hunger and violence in the ghetto; class issues in the ghetto; being arrested and sent to Auschwitz in 1943 for refusing to claim Volkesdeutche status; and work conditions in Auschwitz.
Oral history interview with Zofia Matias
Oral History
Zofia Matias, born in Tuliszków, Poland near Konin in 1920, discusses the liquidation of the ghetto in her village; anti-Jewish violence by German forces; and witnessing public hangings.
Oral history interview with Sabina Rogalska
Oral History
Sabina Rogalska, born in Lęczyca, Poland in 1925, discusses prewar relations between Jews and Christians; the creation of a ghetto; the appropriation of Jewish businesses; ethnic relations during the German occupation; the humiliation of the Jewish community by German forces; actions of the Jewish police towards the Jewish community; antisemitic Poles who cooperated with the Germans; the burning of the town’s synagogue; hunger and violence in the ghetto; hiding a Jewish family; going into hiding in Grabow; witnessing transports of Jewish men, women, and children who were forced to leave town; rumors about Chełmno; and being taken for forced labor in Hamburg, Germany in 1943.
Oral history interview with Wacław Lachowicz
Oral History
Wacław Lachowiec, born in Stanisławow, Poland in 1923, discusses living in Gostynin, Poland during the war; prewar Jewish Christian relations; the creation of a ghetto; the ghetto’s guards; the role of the Jewish police; forced labor; beatings and violence in the ghetto; the murder of non-Jewish Poles; the roundup and deportation of the Jewish community; and Polish citizens moving into empty Jewish houses.
Oral history interview with Mieczysław Florczak
Oral History
Mieczysław Florczak, born in Piątek, Poland in 1922, discusses the outbreak of war; the German occupation; the creation of the ghetto; moving to Łódź, Poland; public hangings; destruction of the ghetto and synagogues; rescuing the Torah scrolls; violence and beatings by Germans and locals; the role of the Jewish police; and being sent for forced labor.
Oral history interview with Jan Borysiak
Oral History
Jan Borysiak, born in Gąbin, Poland in 1930, discusses the German invasion; humiliation and violence; the burning of the synagogue; the establishment of the ghetto; harsh conditions in the ghetto; sexual assault; the roundup of Jews and liquidation of the ghetto; and members of the Jewish community who survived the war.
Oral history interview with Józef Paczesny
Oral History
Józef Paczesny, born in Lutomirów, Poland in 1930, discusses living in Kolo, Poland during the war; being taken for forced labor near Chelmno, Poland in 1942; hearing from locals about gas vans at the beginning of the war; the regular arrival of transports intended for the gas chambers; the arrival process; the atmosphere of fear; the organized theft of clothing; conditions for Jewish prisoners; beatings and hunger; leaving food for the prisoners; the arrival of transports from the Łódź ghetto; and individual murders.
Oral history interview with Józef Król
Oral History
Józef Król, born in Kowal, Poland in 1922, discusses returning to Poland after the war following his forced labor in Germany; working as a police officer in Warta, Poland; the prevalence of crime and political violence; the arrival of a group of bandits who disarmed the police station; looting; the murder of Jews in front of crowds; and the five or six Jewish families who feld the town.
Oral history interview with Marianna Racięcka
Oral History
Marianna Racięcka, born in Warta, Poland in 1926, discusses her prewar relationships with Jews; the prewar Jewish community; a visit between the rabbi and bishop; the creation of a ghetto; the destruction of the synagogue; the behavior of German forces towards the Jewish community; public hangings; the murder of the mentally ill from a local hospital; Jews who returned after the war; and the killing of two of the town's Jewish residents after the war.
Oral history interview with Janina Mielczarek
Oral History
Janina Mielczarek, born in Warta, Poland in 1920, discusses prewar relations between Jews and Christians; anti-Jewish violence; public hangings; working at a party the Germans threw after the hangings; her father being taken for forced labor; local Poles who were forced into complicity; the roundup and imprisonment of the Jewish population; and a mass killing.
Oral history interview with Remigiusz Krawczyk
Oral History
Remigiusz Krawczyk, born in Kalisz, Poland in 1932, discusses the formation of the ghetto; its liquidation; and seeing a mass grave in the Jewish cemetery.
Oral history interview with Mieczysław Czyż
Oral History
Mieczysław Czyż, born in Baranowic, Poland in 1929, discusses the prewar Jewish community in Molchadz, Poland (possibly Moŭchadź, Belarus); ethnic tensions; the Russian advance; his interactions with soldiers; his father’s arrest and exile to Siberia until 1944; the arrival of German forces; hearing gunshots from a mass killing; the organization of survivors into a ghetto; looting; partisan activities against Germans and collaborators; and visiting Molchadz after the war to find out the fate of the Jews.
Oral history interview with Stanisław Klinger
Oral History
Stanislaw Klinger, from Zduńska Wola, Poland in 1932, discusses the prewar Jewish community; the arrival of German forces; the arrest of Poles who were sent for forced labor; the creation of a ghetto; the role of the Jewish police; the ghetto’s liquidation; and the site of the ghetto after the war.
Oral history interview with Jerzy Czaderski
Oral History
Jerzy Czaderski, born in Warsaw, Poland in 1924, discusses living within the ghetto in Zduńska Wola during the war; beatings by German soldiers; being forced to move from the ghetto when it closed; public hangings; the ghetto’s liquidation; visiting the ghetto after liquidation; the looting and auction of Jewish goods; and joining the Home Army (Armia Krajowa).
Oral history interview with Eugeniusz Motyl
Oral History
Eugeniusz Motyl, born in in Strońsko, Poland near Zduńska Wola in 1931, discusses living close to the ghetto wall; the brutality of the Jewish police; and public hangings of Jewish prisoners after an attempted escape.
Oral history interview with Stanisław Ochman
Oral History
Stanisław Ochman, born in Zduńska Wola, Poland in 1912, discusses growing up in poverty; making deliveries to the ghetto; working with Jewish laborers; his friendly relations with the Jewish workers; interfering in a beating by a Jewish policeman; building gallows for a public hanging; witnessing a mass killing; delivering sick Jewish people to the cemetery for execution; encountering a Jewish policeman after the war; and visiting the mass graves.
Oral history interview with Halina Marcinkowska
Oral History
Halina Marcinkowska, born in 1970 in Sieradz, Poland, describes her work as a researcher checking written testimonies and data pertaining to Jewish pogroms organized by anti-communist guerilla groups during and after 1945 in the Kalisz-Warta-Sieradz region; her work conducting interviews with witnesses of the pogroms; and her work collecting testimonies about the first use of gas trucks by German forces in 1940.
Oral history interview with Józef Paczyński
Oral History
Józef Paczyński, born in 1919 in Sieradz, Poland, describes a group of German soldiers who entered the Jewish ghetto to shoot people for entertainment; his deportation to Auschwitz concentration camp; conditions in the camp; and his forced labor in Auschwitz and Birkenau.
Oral history interview with Piotr Ferenc
Oral History
Piotr Ferenc, born in 1921 in Kańkowo, Poland, describes his family and life under German occupation; the treatment of Polish civilans by German forces; his work for the Polish Home Army delivering information across the German-Soviet border; a mass murder of Jews in Zaręby Kościelne, Poland by German forces; his arrest by a Polish policeman and transfer to Treblinka concentration camp; conditions in Treblinka; his illness which caused his release from the concentration camp in 1942; his work on the railway in Malkinia, Poland to avoid deportation to Germany; witnessing transports of Jews to Treblinka; his interactions with Jewish forced laborers from Treblinka; joining the military and fighting alongside Soviet forces; and his postwar meeting with a Polish policeman who was a collaborator, and his decision to not report him.
Oral history interview with Kazimierz Milobedzki
Oral History
Kazimierz Milobedzki, born in Poland, describes the beginning of the war in Warsaw, Poland; his actions as a member of the resistance in Chelm, Poland; his return to Sokołów Podlaski, Poland; restrictions placed upon the local Jewish community; his work as an administrator of confiscated real estate; the local Jewish ghetto; the extermination of the Jews of Sokołów Podlaski; the Szczeglacin concentration camp; his work helping Jewish women survive the war by arranging work for them in Germany; and receiving a medal as a Righteous Among the Nations of the World.
Oral history interview with Henryk Maliszewski
Oral History
Henryk Maliszewski, born in 1924 in Siedlce, Poland, describes the liquidation of the Jewish ghetto in Siedlce, including the involvement of Jewish policemen, and the transport of victims' corpses.
Oral history interview with Jerzy Szapiro
Oral History
Jerzy Szapiro, born in 1920 in Warsaw, Poland, describes his family; the antisemitic behavior of Polish students; life in the Warsaw ghetto; escaping the ghetto and living in hiding in the home of his father's Polish friend; and his life after the war in Poland.
Oral history interview with Kazimierz Zmysiony
Oral History
Kazimierz Zmyślony, born on July 11, 1928 in Galew near Kalisz, discusses the displacement of his family in 1941 to Studzianki, Lubelskie, Poland; working as a field hand for a local farmer; the area of Studzianki; eight Jewish families living in the neighborhood; witnessing the executions of two of the families by the Germans in a nearby valley; being forced with other Poles to bury their bodies; six other families surviving the war in hiding; his employer, farmer Gnat, sheltering two of the Jewish families in his barn; helping to take care of the hidden Jewish families; farmer Gnat being involved in the underground movement; working as a messenger for the underground movement; the Polish People’s Army (Armia Ludowa) partisans, whom he later joined; meeting Michał Rola-Żymierski; participating in a few partisan fights; the presence of Jews in partisan units; the German man hunt of 1944, during which time many Jews and Poles were killed; the fighting between the Armia Ludowa (AL) and the Armia Krajowa (AK), which according to him, changed after the PKWN (Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego) was signed; and the Russians entering in July 1945 and disarming the AK units while many of the AL partisans joined the new socialist police force.
Oral history interview with Jozef Jozefowicz
Oral History
Jozef Jozefowicz, born in 1933 in Kalisz, Poland, describes the professions within the local Jewish community under German occupation and witnessing the deportation of the Jewish community of Kalisz in 1943 or 1944.
Oral history interview with Tadeusz Przybyl
Oral History
Tadeusz Przybyl, born in 1930 in Kalisz, Poland, describes the treatment of the Jewish community under German occupation; the roundup, imprisonment, and deportation of the local Jewish community in 1940 and 1941; his family hiding a Jewish boy who survived the war; the ghetto of Kalisz; and Soviet forces taking German prisoners of war.
Oral history interview with Leszek Krysiak
Oral History
Leszek Krysiak, born in 1931 in Kalisz, Poland, describes the establishment of a Jewish ghetto in 1939; the deportation of Jews to the ghetto; the treatment of Polish and Jewish civilians during German occupation; the duties of Jewish policemen; the murder of Jews in gas vans; local townspeople moving into formerly Jewish owned homes; and his apprenticeship after the war in a Jewish-run shoe-making cooperative.
Oral history interview with Jacek Ossowski
Oral History
Jacek Ossowski, born in 1929 in Lublin, Poland, describes the the prewar Jewish community of Lublin; the treatment of the Jewish community by German forces during occupation; the Jewish ghetto; the liquidation of the ghetto, including the deportation of his Jewish friends to Majdanek concentration camp; attempts by his family to help local Jews; his brother's involvement in the underground army; and his forced labor at Majdanek.
Oral history interview with Bogdan Pazur
Oral History
Bogdan Pazur, born in 1934 in Lublin, Poland, describes the arrival of German forces in 1939; anti-Jewish propaganda spread by German forces and Polish collaborators; antisemitic acts by local townspeople and German forces; the establishment of the Jewish ghetto; the liquidation and looting of the Jewish ghetto; and the hanging of German guards from Majdanek concentration camp.
Oral history interview with Wiesława Majczakowa
Oral History
Oral history interview with Henryk Sadło
Oral History
Oral history interview with Jan Błaszczak
Oral History
Oral history interview with Janina Kicʹ
Oral History
Janina Kicʹ, born in 1926 in Równy, Poland (present day Rivne, Ukraine), describes the liquidation of the Izbica ghetto; her contact with foreign Jews brought to the Izbica ghetto; the murder of newborn babies in a maternity clinic by a German Pole; a German military policeman who murdered a mother and child in the street; a Jewish engineer who taught members of the Polish Home Army how to create weapons; and a Jewish woman who gave her baby to her aunt, who kept the child until after the war.
Oral history interview with Stefan Ostapiuk
Oral History
Stefan Ostapiuk, born on January 17, 1925 in Osowa, Poland, discusses the transition camp for the Jews built near Osowa during WWII; the transition camp covering the area of a few abandoned farmsteads and that no additional buildings were constructed in the camp; Jews being brought in from Warsaw and Łódź to live in the barns from spring to early fall and their forced labor; his memories of the Jews as passive and docile despite the scarcity of camp guards; the local population supplying the Jewish laborers with food in exchange for money or personal belongings; the abuse and killings of the Jewish prisoners by the Germans; a German commander named Bajka; the mass killing of Jews by the Germans near the local river (possibly the Tarasinka River); escorts of Jews from Włodawa and Sawin to the Sobibór death camp; local partisans killing one of the German commanders; Polish women arriving in the area to engage in prostitution with the Ukrainian guards; the escape of Jewish prisoners from Sobibór in 1943; and his visit to the Sobibór camp after its liquidation.
Oral history interview with Bolesław Kołodziej
Oral History
Oral history interview with Jadwiga Zachczyńska
Oral History
Jadwiga Zachczynska, born in 1917 in Warsaw, Poland, describes her prewar life, including her family’s move to Palestine and her return to Poland; joining a Soviet military column and escaping east at the beginning of the war; working in a hospital in Minsk, Belarus; leaving the hospital to prevent the discovery of her Jewish identity and working in a prisoner of war camp for Soviet soldiers; conditions in the prisoner of war camp and the treatment of the prisoners; her decision to hide in the ghetto; witnessing roundups and mass murders committed by German soldiers; surviving various pogroms; roundups of Jews into gas vans; her participation in anti-Hitler activities; her collaboration with a local partisan group; the distribution of partisan aid in Minsk; interactions between local partisan groups and Jews who wished to assist them; and a memorial erected by German Jews postwar.
Oral history interview with Marian Maciejewski
Oral History
Marian Maciejewski, born in 1922 in Wilno, Poland (present day Vilnius, Lithuania), describes his work as a conductor of a train; witnessing how Jews were taken from the train to execution pits; being forced to drive his train over dead and wounded Jews on the railroad tracks; German soldiers burning the corpses of murder victims; Lithuanian and Belarusian policemen assisting in the roundups of Jews; the uprising of the Vilnius ghetto; the actions of Jewish policemen; an incident in which a group of young Jews escaped from the train into the nearby forest; witnessing the suicide of two Jews on the railroad tracks; and the actions of his sister-in-law in saving three Jewish children.
Oral history interview with Stanislaw Matusiak
Oral History
Stanislaw Matusiak, born in Zduńska Wola, Poland, describes the prewar Jewish community of his hometown; public hangings of Jews in 1940; the forced labor of the local Jewish community; the liquidation of the Jewish ghetto; and the looting of the ghetto by local townspeople and German soldiers.
Oral history interview with Feliks Welguʹs
Oral History
Oral history interview with Jan Lider
Oral History
Oral history interview with Marian Trachimovicz
Oral History
Marian Trachimovicz, born in Grodno, Poland (Hrodna, Belarus), describes his family and the prewar Jewish community of Grodno; a pogrom organized by members of a Polish nationalist party; the Soviet invasion in 1939; his participation in the Grodno resistance; the Soviet occupation of Grodno; the arrival of German forces in 1941; restrictions placed upon the Jewish community, including the establishment of ghettos; the brutal treatment of the Jewish community by German forces; actions of the Jewish police; his mother hiding two Jewish men; the liquidation of the Jewish ghettos; and his time in the military.
Oral history interview with Czesław Klimek
Oral History
Czesław Klimek, born in Kalisz, Poland, describes his childhood and the prewar Jewish community of Kalisz; the establishment of the ghetto and restrictions placed upon the Jewish community; the murder of Jews in gas vans; the liquidation of the ghetto; new groups of Jews brought to the ghetto; and the shooting of his wife's mother by German soldiers.
Oral history interview with Józef Złomek
Oral History
Józef Złomek, born in 1917 in Raszków, Poland, describes the prewar Jewish community of his hometown; his military service in the Polish Army; the murder of his Jewish neighbors; the mass murder of local Jews by German forces; local collaborators; and the relocation of Jewish remains after the war.
Oral history interview with Stefania Fatyga and Stanislawa Fatyga
Oral History
Stefania Fatyga, born in Poland, describes the prewar Jewish community of Raszkow; the deportation of local Jews; and the persecution of her husband by the Polish Secret Police after the war.
Oral history interview with Władysława Paleń
Oral History
Władysława Paleń, born in 1930 in Jastkowice, Poland, describes the prewar Jewish community of Jastkowice; actions taken by German forces to catch male Polish civililans; her imprisonment with her sister because of the actions of her brother; mass shootings of Jews by German soldiers and Polish guards; her father sheltering a group of Jews; and the fate of the group of Jews who her father had sheltered.
Oral history interview with Władysława Mierzwa
Oral History
Władysława Mierzwa, born in 1930 in Jastkowice, Poland, describes the prewar Jewish community of Jastkowice; living with her aunt and uncle in Pysznica, Poland during the war; Polish resistance members who killed local policemen; the arrival of German forces; the murder of local Jewish and Polish citizens by German soldiers; the different types of local policemen in Pysznica, including those who assisted the Polish Home Army and those who collaborated with German forces; the different resistance movements near Pysznica; and Jews from her hometown and the surrounding areas who survived the war.
Oral history interview with Antoni Marzec
Oral History
Antoni Marzec, born in Pętkowice, Poland, discusses the arrival of German forces in his town; his memories of individual Jewish families in his village; village relations with a local partisan group; a Jewish man who was a member of the partisan unit; the man's disappearance; partisan activities; and Polish villagers who denounced partisans as well as Jewish people in hiding.
Oral history interview with Władysław Szumlak
Oral History
Władysław Szumlik, born in Pętkowice, Poland, discusses the lives and fates of individual Jewish families in his village; Jewish life in nearby Tarłów, Poland; Polish villagers' attempts to hide Jewish people; the atmosphere of fear; ethnic relations during the war; Jews who joined the Home Army (Armia Krajowa); his interactions with Jewish partisan members; German restrictions on the Jewish community; the order for the local government leader to organize the deportation of the Jewish community; details of the deportation; and Jewish children in hiding.
Oral history interview with Zbigniew Wałachowski
Oral History
Zbigniew Wałachowski, born in Otwock, Poland in 1923, discusses prewar daily life in Otwock; prewar ethnic relations; working as a fireman during the occupation; living condidtions under the German occupation; working with the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and the Union for Armed Struggle (Zwiazku Walki Zbrojnej); going into hiding for his role in the underground; the creation of the ghetto; living conditions in the ghetto; the role of the Jewish police; ethnic relations during the war; his role in hiding Jewish families during the war; conditions for people living in hiding; bribing Polish policemen; and the liquidation of the ghetto.
Oral history interview with Izabella Horodecka
Oral History
Izabella Horodeczka, born in Warsaw, Poland in 1908, discusses her work as a nurse during the war; her work for the resistance; her training; working for a Red Cross hospital; the Russian invasion; the arrest and execution of people with whom she worked at Katyn', Russia; becoming involved in the resistance; living conditions during the German occupation; the arrest of many resistance members; the organization of the resistance; operations in which she was involved; working with a special civil court that carried out executions; conditions in the Warsaw Ghetto; Jewish informers; and an attack on German administrative offices.
Oral history interview with Józef Chyż
Oral History
Józef Chyż, born in Garbów, Poland, discusses fighting as a member of the Polish Navy when the war broke out; being caught by the Soviet Army; conditions in his home village; the creation of a Jewish council; German restrictions on the Jewish community; ethnic relations under the German occupation; ethnic relations in partisan groups; and German forces hunting down Jewish groups hiding in the woods.