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Drawing of a rectory in Bodenheim, Germany by a German Jewish refugee

Object | Accession Number: 2005.546.65

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    Overview

    Brief Narrative
    Ink drawing of a rectory in Bodenheim, Germany created by Nelly Rossmann. Nelly was a graphic designer for the Frankfurter Zeitung, a progressive newspaper in Frankfurt, Germany, when Hitler was appointed Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Following the Reichstag Fire in late February, Germany became a police state and anti-Jewish legislation was enacted. Nelly was a Quaker, but she had been born Jewish and in 1935, she was fired from her job due to a government decree that Jews could not work in the publishing industry. After the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938, her parents left for England, but Nelly still had strong pro-German feelings and was not ready to leave. In 1939, she and her nine year old son, Michael went to England to visit her family; while they were there, Germany invaded Poland and war broke out. They remained in England, and after the war ended in May 1945 became British citizens.
    Artwork Title
    Pfarrhaus von Bodenheim
    Alternate Title
    Rectory house in Bodenheim
    Date
    creation:  1934
    Geography
    creation: Bodenheim am Rhein (Germany)
    Credit Line
    United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Michael G. Rossmann
    Markings
    back, upper right corner, stamped, black ink : Stadt-Blattt / ? Frankfurter Zeitung [City-Sheet / ? Frankfurt Newspaper]
    Signature
    front, lower right corner, black ink : Rossmann / 1934.
    Contributor
    Artist: Nelly S. Rossmann
    Subject: Nelly S. Rossmann
    Biography
    Nelly (Cornelia) Bertha Schwabacher was born on February 14, 1899, in Frankfurt, Germany to Anna Cahn and Heinrich Schwabacher. Her father, a merchant and dealer in rare coins, was from a large, wealthy, prominent Jewish family which had lived in Frankfurt for generations. She had an older brother, William (Willy) Heinrich, born in 1897. The family was assimilated and liberal, and considered themselves Germans. Her maternal grandfather, Adoph E. Cahn, was a prominent coin dealer and the family had been established in the area for generations. On January 30, 1930, Nelly married Alexandre Sasha Rossmann, a member of a wealthy, non-Jewish family from Wiesbaden. Their son, Michael, was born on July 30. Alexandre’s father was a professor and principal of the local Gymnasium. His mother was extremely antisemitic and refused to speak to Nelly. His brother, Bruno, was a dedicated Nazi Party member. Despite the family's anti-Semitism, Nelly and Alexandre's son, Michael, often had enjoyable family visits with his father's family. Nelly and Alexandre divorced in 1933 and Nelly and her son lived with her parents. Her mother looked after the child when Nelly started to work full time as a graphic artist for the Frankfurter Zeitung, a highly respected democratic and intellectual newspaper published since 1866. Around this time, Nelly, a pacifist, became a member of the Society of Quakers.
    On January 30, 1933, Hitler was elected Chancellor of Germany. By summer, the Nazi dictatorship was firmly established: the civil rights of all Germans were eliminated and anti-Jewish laws had been enacted. Jews were no longer allowed to work in government positions and there were restrictions placed upon their participation in other areas of economic and cultural life in Germany. In 1935, Nelly was fired from Der Zeitung due to a government decree that Jews could not work in the publishing industry. To support her family, she opened a crafts studio where she gave lessons to Jewish children. Michael began school in 1935, attending a Jewish school his first year and then transferring to a public school. As a Mischling [mixed race] boy with a Jewish mother, Michael was frequently mistreated in school. Shortly after the Kristallnacht pogrom on November 9-10, 1938, Nelly sent Michael to the Netherlands to attend a Quaker school. He returned to Frankfurt in the summer of 1939 after the school term was finished. He learned that his mother’s parents had left for England to escape the increasing anti-Jewish persecutions. They stayed with Nelly's maternal aunt, who had emigrated there in the early 1930s. Nelly still had strong pro-German feelings and was not ready to leave.
    In July 1939, Nelly and Michael buried the family silverware in the garden and went to England to visit Nelly’s mother. Shortly before Michael was to go back to school in Holland, Germany invaded Poland and World War II began. Michael and Nelly remained in England, living with her aunt’s family. Nelly was able to get work as a graphic desiger for Dei Zeitung, a London based German newspaper headed by a former board member of the Frankfurter Zeitung, but life was very difficult during the war. Nelly, Anna, and Michael were able to move into their own flat in North Finchley, but as the Blitz, with its frequent German bombing raids of London, continued, they had to evacuate to Hartfordshire for several months. Nelly also did social work in settlement houses in London’s East End. After the war ended in May 1945, Nellie and Michael stayed in London and became British citizens. Michael received his Ph.D in Chemical Crystallography from the University of Glasgow in 1956 and pursed a career in academia. He married Audrey Pearson, and they immigrated to the United States in by the early 1960s, settling in Lafayette, Indiana. Nelly died in 1957 at the age of 58.

    Physical Details

    Language
    German
    Classification
    Art
    Category
    Drawings
    Physical Description
    Ink drawing with pencil underdrawing on paper of an exterior view of a rectory. On the left side is a building with 2 shuttered windows. There is white paint on the side of the building and on the windows. There is a closed gate to the right of the building. In the background is a wall with plants hanging in front of a building. The artist signature is in the right side. There is a brown paper attached by adhesive to the lower left corner with German text. On the reverse, in the upper right corner, is a black stamp with German text and text in graphite.
    Dimensions
    overall: Height: 11.625 inches (29.528 cm) | Width: 8.250 inches (20.955 cm)
    Materials
    overall : paper, ink, graphite, adhesive
    Inscription
    front, lower left corner, typed in black ink on brown piece of paper : Pfarrhaus von Bodenheim [Rectory house in Bodenheim]
    back, top center, in graphite : ASP

    Rights & Restrictions

    Conditions on Access
    No restrictions on access
    Conditions on Use
    No restrictions on use

    Keywords & Subjects

    Administrative Notes

    Provenance
    The drawing was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2005 by Michael G. Rossmann, the son of Nelly Rossmann.
    Record last modified:
    2024-11-07 13:54:09
    This page:
    http:​/​/collections.ushmm.org​/search​/catalog​/irn517993

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